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Releases: yt-dlp/yt-dlp

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GitHub - yt-dlp/yt-dlp: A youtube-dl fork with additional features and fixes

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A youtube-dl fork with additional features and fixes

discord.gg/h5mncfw63r

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yt-dlp/yt-dlp

This commit does not belong to any branch on this repository, and may belong to a fork outside of the repository.

masterBranchesTagsGo to fileCodeFolders and filesNameNameLast commit messageLast commit dateLatest commit History22,341 Commits.github.github bundlebundle devscriptsdevscripts testtest yt_dlpyt_dlp .editorconfig.editorconfig .gitattributes.gitattributes .gitignore.gitignore CONTRIBUTING.mdCONTRIBUTING.md CONTRIBUTORSCONTRIBUTORS Changelog.mdChangelog.md Collaborators.mdCollaborators.md LICENSELICENSE MakefileMakefile README.mdREADME.md public.keypublic.key pyproject.tomlpyproject.toml setup.cfgsetup.cfg supportedsites.mdsupportedsites.md yt-dlp.cmdyt-dlp.cmd yt-dlp.shyt-dlp.sh View all filesRepository files navigationREADMEUnlicense license

yt-dlp is a youtube-dl fork based on the now inactive youtube-dlc. The main focus of this project is adding new features and patches while also keeping up to date with the original project

NEW FEATURES

Differences in default behavior

INSTALLATION

Detailed instructions

Update

Release Files

Dependencies

Compile

USAGE AND OPTIONS

General Options

Network Options

Geo-restriction

Video Selection

Download Options

Filesystem Options

Thumbnail Options

Internet Shortcut Options

Verbosity and Simulation Options

Workarounds

Video Format Options

Subtitle Options

Authentication Options

Post-processing Options

SponsorBlock Options

Extractor Options

CONFIGURATION

Configuration file encoding

Authentication with netrc

Notes about environment variables

OUTPUT TEMPLATE

Output template examples

FORMAT SELECTION

Filtering Formats

Sorting Formats

Format Selection examples

MODIFYING METADATA

Modifying metadata examples

EXTRACTOR ARGUMENTS

PLUGINS

Installing Plugins

Developing Plugins

EMBEDDING YT-DLP

Embedding examples

DEPRECATED OPTIONS

CONTRIBUTING

Opening an Issue

Developer Instructions

WIKI

FAQ

NEW FEATURES

Forked from yt-dlc@f9401f2 and merged with youtube-dl@be008e6 (exceptions)

SponsorBlock Integration: You can mark/remove sponsor sections in YouTube videos by utilizing the SponsorBlock API

Format Sorting: The default format sorting options have been changed so that higher resolution and better codecs will be now preferred instead of simply using larger bitrate. Furthermore, you can now specify the sort order using -S. This allows for much easier format selection than what is possible by simply using --format (examples)

Merged with animelover1984/youtube-dl: You get most of the features and improvements from animelover1984/youtube-dl including --write-comments, BiliBiliSearch, BilibiliChannel, Embedding thumbnail in mp4/ogg/opus, playlist infojson etc. Note that NicoNico livestreams are not available. See #31 for details.

YouTube improvements:

Supports Clips, Stories (ytstories:), Search (including filters)*, YouTube Music Search, Channel-specific search, Search prefixes (ytsearch:, ytsearchdate:)*, Mixes, and Feeds (:ytfav, :ytwatchlater, :ytsubs, :ythistory, :ytrec, :ytnotif)

Fix for n-sig based throttling *

Supports some (but not all) age-gated content without cookies

Download livestreams from the start using --live-from-start (experimental)

Channel URLs download all uploads of the channel, including shorts and live

Cookies from browser: Cookies can be automatically extracted from all major web browsers using --cookies-from-browser BROWSER[+KEYRING][:PROFILE][::CONTAINER]

Download time range: Videos can be downloaded partially based on either timestamps or chapters using --download-sections

Split video by chapters: Videos can be split into multiple files based on chapters using --split-chapters

Multi-threaded fragment downloads: Download multiple fragments of m3u8/mpd videos in parallel. Use --concurrent-fragments (-N) option to set the number of threads used

Aria2c with HLS/DASH: You can use aria2c as the external downloader for DASH(mpd) and HLS(m3u8) formats

New and fixed extractors: Many new extractors have been added and a lot of existing ones have been fixed. See the changelog or the list of supported sites

New MSOs: Philo, Spectrum, SlingTV, Cablevision, RCN etc.

Subtitle extraction from manifests: Subtitles can be extracted from streaming media manifests. See commit/be6202f for details

Multiple paths and output templates: You can give different output templates and download paths for different types of files. You can also set a temporary path where intermediary files are downloaded to using --paths (-P)

Portable Configuration: Configuration files are automatically loaded from the home and root directories. See CONFIGURATION for details

Output template improvements: Output templates can now have date-time formatting, numeric offsets, object traversal etc. See output template for details. Even more advanced operations can also be done with the help of --parse-metadata and --replace-in-metadata

Other new options: Many new options have been added such as --alias, --print, --concat-playlist, --wait-for-video, --retry-sleep, --sleep-requests, --convert-thumbnails, --force-download-archive, --force-overwrites, --break-match-filter etc

Improvements: Regex and other operators in --format/--match-filter, multiple --postprocessor-args and --downloader-args, faster archive checking, more format selection options, merge multi-video/audio, multiple --config-locations, --exec at different stages, etc

Plugins: Extractors and PostProcessors can be loaded from an external file. See plugins for details

Self updater: The releases can be updated using yt-dlp -U, and downgraded using --update-to if required

Automated builds: Nightly/master builds can be used with --update-to nightly and --update-to master

See changelog or commits for the full list of changes

Features marked with a * have been back-ported to youtube-dl

Differences in default behavior

Some of yt-dlp's default options are different from that of youtube-dl and youtube-dlc:

yt-dlp supports only Python 3.8+, and may remove support for more versions as they become EOL; while youtube-dl still supports Python 2.6+ and 3.2+

The options --auto-number (-A), --title (-t) and --literal (-l), no longer work. See removed options for details

avconv is not supported as an alternative to ffmpeg

yt-dlp stores config files in slightly different locations to youtube-dl. See CONFIGURATION for a list of correct locations

The default output template is %(title)s [%(id)s].%(ext)s. There is no real reason for this change. This was changed before yt-dlp was ever made public and now there are no plans to change it back to %(title)s-%(id)s.%(ext)s. Instead, you may use --compat-options filename

The default format sorting is different from youtube-dl and prefers higher resolution and better codecs rather than higher bitrates. You can use the --format-sort option to change this to any order you prefer, or use --compat-options format-sort to use youtube-dl's sorting order

The default format selector is bv*+ba/b. This means that if a combined video + audio format that is better than the best video-only format is found, the former will be preferred. Use -f bv+ba/b or --compat-options format-spec to revert this

Unlike youtube-dlc, yt-dlp does not allow merging multiple audio/video streams into one file by default (since this conflicts with the use of -f bv*+ba). If needed, this feature must be enabled using --audio-multistreams and --video-multistreams. You can also use --compat-options multistreams to enable both

--no-abort-on-error is enabled by default. Use --abort-on-error or --compat-options abort-on-error to abort on errors instead

When writing metadata files such as thumbnails, description or infojson, the same information (if available) is also written for playlists. Use --no-write-playlist-metafiles or --compat-options no-playlist-metafiles to not write these files

--add-metadata attaches the infojson to mkv files in addition to writing the metadata when used with --write-info-json. Use --no-embed-info-json or --compat-options no-attach-info-json to revert this

Some metadata are embedded into different fields when using --add-metadata as compared to youtube-dl. Most notably, comment field contains the webpage_url and synopsis contains the description. You can use --parse-metadata to modify this to your liking or use --compat-options embed-metadata to revert this

playlist_index behaves differently when used with options like --playlist-reverse and --playlist-items. See #302 for details. You can use --compat-options playlist-index if you want to keep the earlier behavior

The output of -F is listed in a new format. Use --compat-options list-formats to revert this

Live chats (if available) are considered as subtitles. Use --sub-langs all,-live_chat to download all subtitles except live chat. You can also use --compat-options no-live-chat to prevent any live chat/danmaku from downloading

YouTube channel URLs download all uploads of the channel. To download only the videos in a specific tab, pass the tab's URL. If the channel does not show the requested tab, an error will be raised. Also, /live URLs raise an error if there are no live videos instead of silently downloading the entire channel. You may use --compat-options no-youtube-channel-redirect to revert all these redirections

Unavailable videos are also listed for YouTube playlists. Use --compat-options no-youtube-unavailable-videos to remove this

The upload dates extracted from YouTube are in UTC when available. Use --compat-options no-youtube-prefer-utc-upload-date to prefer the non-UTC upload date.

If ffmpeg is used as the downloader, the downloading and merging of formats happen in a single step when possible. Use --compat-options no-direct-merge to revert this

Thumbnail embedding in mp4 is done with mutagen if possible. Use --compat-options embed-thumbnail-atomicparsley to force the use of AtomicParsley instead

Some internal metadata such as filenames are removed by default from the infojson. Use --no-clean-infojson or --compat-options no-clean-infojson to revert this

When --embed-subs and --write-subs are used together, the subtitles are written to disk and also embedded in the media file. You can use just --embed-subs to embed the subs and automatically delete the separate file. See #630 (comment) for more info. --compat-options no-keep-subs can be used to revert this

certifi will be used for SSL root certificates, if installed. If you want to use system certificates (e.g. self-signed), use --compat-options no-certifi

yt-dlp's sanitization of invalid characters in filenames is different/smarter than in youtube-dl. You can use --compat-options filename-sanitization to revert to youtube-dl's behavior

yt-dlp tries to parse the external downloader outputs into the standard progress output if possible (Currently implemented: aria2c). You can use --compat-options no-external-downloader-progress to get the downloader output as-is

yt-dlp versions between 2021.09.01 and 2023.01.02 applies --match-filter to nested playlists. This was an unintentional side-effect of 8f18ac and is fixed in d7b460. Use --compat-options playlist-match-filter to revert this

yt-dlp versions between 2021.11.10 and 2023.06.21 estimated filesize_approx values for fragmented/manifest formats. This was added for convenience in f2fe69, but was reverted in 0dff8e due to the potentially extreme inaccuracy of the estimated values. Use --compat-options manifest-filesize-approx to keep extracting the estimated values

yt-dlp uses modern http client backends such as requests. Use --compat-options prefer-legacy-http-handler to prefer the legacy http handler (urllib) to be used for standard http requests.

The sub-module swfinterp is removed.

For ease of use, a few more compat options are available:

--compat-options all: Use all compat options (Do NOT use)

--compat-options youtube-dl: Same as --compat-options all,-multistreams,-playlist-match-filter,-manifest-filesize-approx

--compat-options youtube-dlc: Same as --compat-options all,-no-live-chat,-no-youtube-channel-redirect,-playlist-match-filter,-manifest-filesize-approx

--compat-options 2021: Same as --compat-options 2022,no-certifi,filename-sanitization,no-youtube-prefer-utc-upload-date

--compat-options 2022: Same as --compat-options 2023,playlist-match-filter,no-external-downloader-progress,prefer-legacy-http-handler,manifest-filesize-approx

--compat-options 2023: Currently does nothing. Use this to enable all future compat options

INSTALLATION

You can install yt-dlp using the binaries, pip or one using a third-party package manager. See the wiki for detailed instructions

UPDATE

You can use yt-dlp -U to update if you are using the release binaries

If you installed with pip, simply re-run the same command that was used to install the program

For other third-party package managers, see the wiki or refer their documentation

There are currently three release channels for binaries: stable, nightly and master.

stable is the default channel, and many of its changes have been tested by users of the nightly and master channels.

The nightly channel has releases scheduled to build every day around midnight UTC, for a snapshot of the project's new patches and changes. This is the recommended channel for regular users of yt-dlp. The nightly releases are available from yt-dlp/yt-dlp-nightly-builds or as development releases of the yt-dlp PyPI package (which can be installed with pip's --pre flag).

The master channel features releases that are built after each push to the master branch, and these will have the very latest fixes and additions, but may also be more prone to regressions. They are available from yt-dlp/yt-dlp-master-builds.

When using --update/-U, a release binary will only update to its current channel.

--update-to CHANNEL can be used to switch to a different channel when a newer version is available. --update-to [CHANNEL@]TAG can also be used to upgrade or downgrade to specific tags from a channel.

You may also use --update-to (/) to update to a channel on a completely different repository. Be careful with what repository you are updating to though, there is no verification done for binaries from different repositories.

Example usage:

yt-dlp --update-to master switch to the master channel and update to its latest release

yt-dlp --update-to stable@2023.07.06 upgrade/downgrade to release to stable channel tag 2023.07.06

yt-dlp --update-to 2023.10.07 upgrade/downgrade to tag 2023.10.07 if it exists on the current channel

yt-dlp --update-to example/yt-dlp@2023.09.24 upgrade/downgrade to the release from the example/yt-dlp repository, tag 2023.09.24

Important: Any user experiencing an issue with the stable release should install or update to the nightly release before submitting a bug report:

# To update to nightly from stable executable/binary:

yt-dlp --update-to nightly

# To install nightly with pip:

python -m pip install -U --pre yt-dlp[default]

RELEASE FILES

Recommended

File

Description

yt-dlp

Platform-independent zipimport binary. Needs Python (recommended for Linux/BSD)

yt-dlp.exe

Windows (Win7 SP1+) standalone x64 binary (recommended for Windows)

yt-dlp_macos

Universal MacOS (10.15+) standalone executable (recommended for MacOS)

Alternatives

File

Description

yt-dlp_x86.exe

Windows (Vista SP2+) standalone x86 (32-bit) binary

yt-dlp_min.exe

Windows (Win7 SP1+) standalone x64 binary built with py2exe (Not recommended)

yt-dlp_linux

Linux standalone x64 binary

yt-dlp_linux.zip

Unpackaged Linux executable (no auto-update)

yt-dlp_linux_armv7l

Linux standalone armv7l (32-bit) binary

yt-dlp_linux_aarch64

Linux standalone aarch64 (64-bit) binary

yt-dlp_win.zip

Unpackaged Windows executable (no auto-update)

yt-dlp_macos.zip

Unpackaged MacOS (10.15+) executable (no auto-update)

yt-dlp_macos_legacy

MacOS (10.9+) standalone x64 executable

Misc

File

Description

yt-dlp.tar.gz

Source tarball

SHA2-512SUMS

GNU-style SHA512 sums

SHA2-512SUMS.sig

GPG signature file for SHA512 sums

SHA2-256SUMS

GNU-style SHA256 sums

SHA2-256SUMS.sig

GPG signature file for SHA256 sums

The public key that can be used to verify the GPG signatures is available here

Example usage:

curl -L https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/raw/master/public.key | gpg --import

gpg --verify SHA2-256SUMS.sig SHA2-256SUMS

gpg --verify SHA2-512SUMS.sig SHA2-512SUMS

Note: The manpages, shell completion (autocomplete) files etc. are available inside the source tarball

DEPENDENCIES

Python versions 3.8+ (CPython and PyPy) are supported. Other versions and implementations may or may not work correctly.

While all the other dependencies are optional, ffmpeg and ffprobe are highly recommended

Strongly recommended

ffmpeg and ffprobe - Required for merging separate video and audio files as well as for various post-processing tasks. License depends on the build

There are bugs in ffmpeg that cause various issues when used alongside yt-dlp. Since ffmpeg is such an important dependency, we provide custom builds with patches for some of these issues at yt-dlp/FFmpeg-Builds. See the readme for details on the specific issues solved by these builds

Important: What you need is ffmpeg binary, NOT the python package of the same name

Networking

certifi* - Provides Mozilla's root certificate bundle. Licensed under MPLv2

brotli* or brotlicffi - Brotli content encoding support. Both licensed under MIT 1 2

websockets* - For downloading over websocket. Licensed under BSD-3-Clause

requests* - HTTP library. For HTTPS proxy and persistent connections support. Licensed under Apache-2.0

Metadata

mutagen* - For --embed-thumbnail in certain formats. Licensed under GPLv2+

AtomicParsley - For --embed-thumbnail in mp4/m4a files when mutagen/ffmpeg cannot. Licensed under GPLv2+

xattr, pyxattr or setfattr - For writing xattr metadata (--xattr) on Mac and BSD. Licensed under MIT, LGPL2.1 and GPLv2+ respectively

Misc

pycryptodomex* - For decrypting AES-128 HLS streams and various other data. Licensed under BSD-2-Clause

phantomjs - Used in extractors where javascript needs to be run. Licensed under BSD-3-Clause

secretstorage* - For --cookies-from-browser to access the Gnome keyring while decrypting cookies of Chromium-based browsers on Linux. Licensed under BSD-3-Clause

Any external downloader that you want to use with --downloader

Deprecated

avconv and avprobe - Now deprecated alternative to ffmpeg. License depends on the build

sponskrub - For using the now deprecated sponskrub options. Licensed under GPLv3+

rtmpdump - For downloading rtmp streams. ffmpeg can be used instead with --downloader ffmpeg. Licensed under GPLv2+

mplayer or mpv - For downloading rstp/mms streams. ffmpeg can be used instead with --downloader ffmpeg. Licensed under GPLv2+

To use or redistribute the dependencies, you must agree to their respective licensing terms.

The standalone release binaries are built with the Python interpreter and the packages marked with * included.

If you do not have the necessary dependencies for a task you are attempting, yt-dlp will warn you. All the currently available dependencies are visible at the top of the --verbose output

COMPILE

Standalone PyInstaller Builds

To build the standalone executable, you must have Python and pyinstaller (plus any of yt-dlp's optional dependencies if needed). The executable will be built for the same architecture (x86/ARM, 32/64 bit) as the Python used. You can run the following commands:

python3 devscripts/install_deps.py --include pyinstaller

python3 devscripts/make_lazy_extractors.py

python3 -m bundle.pyinstaller

On some systems, you may need to use py or python instead of python3.

bundle/pyinstaller.py accepts any arguments that can be passed to pyinstaller, such as --onefile/-F or --onedir/-D, which is further documented here.

Note: Pyinstaller versions below 4.4 do not support Python installed from the Windows store without using a virtual environment.

Important: Running pyinstaller directly without using bundle/pyinstaller.py is not officially supported. This may or may not work correctly.

Platform-independent Binary (UNIX)

You will need the build tools python (3.8+), zip, make (GNU), pandoc* and pytest*.

After installing these, simply run make.

You can also run make yt-dlp instead to compile only the binary without updating any of the additional files. (The build tools marked with * are not needed for this)

Standalone Py2Exe Builds (Windows)

While we provide the option to build with py2exe, it is recommended to build using PyInstaller instead since the py2exe builds cannot contain pycryptodomex/certifi and needs VC++14 on the target computer to run.

If you wish to build it anyway, install Python (if it is not already installed) and you can run the following commands:

py devscripts/install_deps.py --include py2exe

py devscripts/make_lazy_extractors.py

py -m bundle.py2exe

Related scripts

devscripts/install_deps.py - Install dependencies for yt-dlp.

devscripts/update-version.py - Update the version number based on current date.

devscripts/set-variant.py - Set the build variant of the executable.

devscripts/make_changelog.py - Create a markdown changelog using short commit messages and update CONTRIBUTORS file.

devscripts/make_lazy_extractors.py - Create lazy extractors. Running this before building the binaries (any variant) will improve their startup performance. Set the environment variable YTDLP_NO_LAZY_EXTRACTORS=1 if you wish to forcefully disable lazy extractor loading.

Note: See their --help for more info.

Forking the project

If you fork the project on GitHub, you can run your fork's build workflow to automatically build the selected version(s) as artifacts. Alternatively, you can run the release workflow or enable the nightly workflow to create full (pre-)releases.

USAGE AND OPTIONS

yt-dlp [OPTIONS] [--] URL [URL...]

Ctrl+F is your friend :D

General Options:

-h, --help Print this help text and exit

--version Print program version and exit

-U, --update Update this program to the latest version

--no-update Do not check for updates (default)

--update-to [CHANNEL]@[TAG] Upgrade/downgrade to a specific version.

CHANNEL can be a repository as well. CHANNEL

and TAG default to "stable" and "latest"

respectively if omitted; See "UPDATE" for

details. Supported channels: stable,

nightly, master

-i, --ignore-errors Ignore download and postprocessing errors.

The download will be considered successful

even if the postprocessing fails

--no-abort-on-error Continue with next video on download errors;

e.g. to skip unavailable videos in a

playlist (default)

--abort-on-error Abort downloading of further videos if an

error occurs (Alias: --no-ignore-errors)

--dump-user-agent Display the current user-agent and exit

--list-extractors List all supported extractors and exit

--extractor-descriptions Output descriptions of all supported

extractors and exit

--use-extractors NAMES Extractor names to use separated by commas.

You can also use regexes, "all", "default"

and "end" (end URL matching); e.g. --ies

"holodex.*,end,youtube". Prefix the name

with a "-" to exclude it, e.g. --ies

default,-generic. Use --list-extractors for

a list of extractor names. (Alias: --ies)

--default-search PREFIX Use this prefix for unqualified URLs. E.g.

"gvsearch2:python" downloads two videos from

google videos for the search term "python".

Use the value "auto" to let yt-dlp guess

("auto_warning" to emit a warning when

guessing). "error" just throws an error. The

default value "fixup_error" repairs broken

URLs, but emits an error if this is not

possible instead of searching

--ignore-config Don't load any more configuration files

except those given by --config-locations.

For backward compatibility, if this option

is found inside the system configuration

file, the user configuration is not loaded.

(Alias: --no-config)

--no-config-locations Do not load any custom configuration files

(default). When given inside a configuration

file, ignore all previous --config-locations

defined in the current file

--config-locations PATH Location of the main configuration file;

either the path to the config or its

containing directory ("-" for stdin). Can be

used multiple times and inside other

configuration files

--flat-playlist Do not extract the videos of a playlist,

only list them

--no-flat-playlist Fully extract the videos of a playlist

(default)

--live-from-start Download livestreams from the start.

Currently only supported for YouTube

(Experimental)

--no-live-from-start Download livestreams from the current time

(default)

--wait-for-video MIN[-MAX] Wait for scheduled streams to become

available. Pass the minimum number of

seconds (or range) to wait between retries

--no-wait-for-video Do not wait for scheduled streams (default)

--mark-watched Mark videos watched (even with --simulate)

--no-mark-watched Do not mark videos watched (default)

--color [STREAM:]POLICY Whether to emit color codes in output,

optionally prefixed by the STREAM (stdout or

stderr) to apply the setting to. Can be one

of "always", "auto" (default), "never", or

"no_color" (use non color terminal

sequences). Can be used multiple times

--compat-options OPTS Options that can help keep compatibility

with youtube-dl or youtube-dlc

configurations by reverting some of the

changes made in yt-dlp. See "Differences in

default behavior" for details

--alias ALIASES OPTIONS Create aliases for an option string. Unless

an alias starts with a dash "-", it is

prefixed with "--". Arguments are parsed

according to the Python string formatting

mini-language. E.g. --alias get-audio,-X

"-S=aext:{0},abr -x --audio-format {0}"

creates options "--get-audio" and "-X" that

takes an argument (ARG0) and expands to

"-S=aext:ARG0,abr -x --audio-format ARG0".

All defined aliases are listed in the --help

output. Alias options can trigger more

aliases; so be careful to avoid defining

recursive options. As a safety measure, each

alias may be triggered a maximum of 100

times. This option can be used multiple times

Network Options:

--proxy URL Use the specified HTTP/HTTPS/SOCKS proxy. To

enable SOCKS proxy, specify a proper scheme,

e.g. socks5://user:pass@127.0.0.1:1080/.

Pass in an empty string (--proxy "") for

direct connection

--socket-timeout SECONDS Time to wait before giving up, in seconds

--source-address IP Client-side IP address to bind to

-4, --force-ipv4 Make all connections via IPv4

-6, --force-ipv6 Make all connections via IPv6

--enable-file-urls Enable file:// URLs. This is disabled by

default for security reasons.

Geo-restriction:

--geo-verification-proxy URL Use this proxy to verify the IP address for

some geo-restricted sites. The default proxy

specified by --proxy (or none, if the option

is not present) is used for the actual

downloading

--xff VALUE How to fake X-Forwarded-For HTTP header to

try bypassing geographic restriction. One of

"default" (only when known to be useful),

"never", an IP block in CIDR notation, or a

two-letter ISO 3166-2 country code

Video Selection:

-I, --playlist-items ITEM_SPEC Comma separated playlist_index of the items

to download. You can specify a range using

"[START]:[STOP][:STEP]". For backward

compatibility, START-STOP is also supported.

Use negative indices to count from the right

and negative STEP to download in reverse

order. E.g. "-I 1:3,7,-5::2" used on a

playlist of size 15 will download the items

at index 1,2,3,7,11,13,15

--min-filesize SIZE Abort download if filesize is smaller than

SIZE, e.g. 50k or 44.6M

--max-filesize SIZE Abort download if filesize is larger than

SIZE, e.g. 50k or 44.6M

--date DATE Download only videos uploaded on this date.

The date can be "YYYYMMDD" or in the format

E.g. "--date today-2weeks" downloads only

videos uploaded on the same day two weeks ago

--datebefore DATE Download only videos uploaded on or before

this date. The date formats accepted is the

same as --date

--dateafter DATE Download only videos uploaded on or after

this date. The date formats accepted is the

same as --date

--match-filters FILTER Generic video filter. Any "OUTPUT TEMPLATE"

field can be compared with a number or a

string using the operators defined in

"Filtering Formats". You can also simply

specify a field to match if the field is

present, use "!field" to check if the field

is not present, and "&" to check multiple

conditions. Use a "\" to escape "&" or

quotes if needed. If used multiple times,

the filter matches if atleast one of the

conditions are met. E.g. --match-filter

!is_live --match-filter "like_count>?100 &

description~='(?i)\bcats \& dogs\b'" matches

only videos that are not live OR those that

have a like count more than 100 (or the like

field is not available) and also has a

description that contains the phrase "cats &

dogs" (caseless). Use "--match-filter -" to

interactively ask whether to download each

video

--no-match-filters Do not use any --match-filter (default)

--break-match-filters FILTER Same as "--match-filters" but stops the

download process when a video is rejected

--no-break-match-filters Do not use any --break-match-filters (default)

--no-playlist Download only the video, if the URL refers

to a video and a playlist

--yes-playlist Download the playlist, if the URL refers to

a video and a playlist

--age-limit YEARS Download only videos suitable for the given

age

--download-archive FILE Download only videos not listed in the

archive file. Record the IDs of all

downloaded videos in it

--no-download-archive Do not use archive file (default)

--max-downloads NUMBER Abort after downloading NUMBER files

--break-on-existing Stop the download process when encountering

a file that is in the archive

--break-per-input Alters --max-downloads, --break-on-existing,

--break-match-filter, and autonumber to

reset per input URL

--no-break-per-input --break-on-existing and similar options

terminates the entire download queue

--skip-playlist-after-errors N Number of allowed failures until the rest of

the playlist is skipped

Download Options:

-N, --concurrent-fragments N Number of fragments of a dash/hlsnative

video that should be downloaded concurrently

(default is 1)

-r, --limit-rate RATE Maximum download rate in bytes per second,

e.g. 50K or 4.2M

--throttled-rate RATE Minimum download rate in bytes per second

below which throttling is assumed and the

video data is re-extracted, e.g. 100K

-R, --retries RETRIES Number of retries (default is 10), or

"infinite"

--file-access-retries RETRIES Number of times to retry on file access

error (default is 3), or "infinite"

--fragment-retries RETRIES Number of retries for a fragment (default is

10), or "infinite" (DASH, hlsnative and ISM)

--retry-sleep [TYPE:]EXPR Time to sleep between retries in seconds

(optionally) prefixed by the type of retry

(http (default), fragment, file_access,

extractor) to apply the sleep to. EXPR can

be a number, linear=START[:END[:STEP=1]] or

exp=START[:END[:BASE=2]]. This option can be

used multiple times to set the sleep for the

different retry types, e.g. --retry-sleep

linear=1::2 --retry-sleep fragment:exp=1:20

--skip-unavailable-fragments Skip unavailable fragments for DASH,

hlsnative and ISM downloads (default)

(Alias: --no-abort-on-unavailable-fragments)

--abort-on-unavailable-fragments

Abort download if a fragment is unavailable

(Alias: --no-skip-unavailable-fragments)

--keep-fragments Keep downloaded fragments on disk after

downloading is finished

--no-keep-fragments Delete downloaded fragments after

downloading is finished (default)

--buffer-size SIZE Size of download buffer, e.g. 1024 or 16K

(default is 1024)

--resize-buffer The buffer size is automatically resized

from an initial value of --buffer-size

(default)

--no-resize-buffer Do not automatically adjust the buffer size

--http-chunk-size SIZE Size of a chunk for chunk-based HTTP

downloading, e.g. 10485760 or 10M (default

is disabled). May be useful for bypassing

bandwidth throttling imposed by a webserver

(experimental)

--playlist-random Download playlist videos in random order

--lazy-playlist Process entries in the playlist as they are

received. This disables n_entries,

--playlist-random and --playlist-reverse

--no-lazy-playlist Process videos in the playlist only after

the entire playlist is parsed (default)

--xattr-set-filesize Set file xattribute ytdl.filesize with

expected file size

--hls-use-mpegts Use the mpegts container for HLS videos;

allowing some players to play the video

while downloading, and reducing the chance

of file corruption if download is

interrupted. This is enabled by default for

live streams

--no-hls-use-mpegts Do not use the mpegts container for HLS

videos. This is default when not downloading

live streams

--download-sections REGEX Download only chapters that match the

regular expression. A "*" prefix denotes

time-range instead of chapter. Negative

timestamps are calculated from the end.

"*from-url" can be used to download between

the "start_time" and "end_time" extracted

from the URL. Needs ffmpeg. This option can

be used multiple times to download multiple

sections, e.g. --download-sections

"*10:15-inf" --download-sections "intro"

--downloader [PROTO:]NAME Name or path of the external downloader to

use (optionally) prefixed by the protocols

(http, ftp, m3u8, dash, rstp, rtmp, mms) to

use it for. Currently supports native,

aria2c, avconv, axel, curl, ffmpeg, httpie,

wget. You can use this option multiple times

to set different downloaders for different

protocols. E.g. --downloader aria2c

--downloader "dash,m3u8:native" will use

aria2c for http/ftp downloads, and the

native downloader for dash/m3u8 downloads

(Alias: --external-downloader)

--downloader-args NAME:ARGS Give these arguments to the external

downloader. Specify the downloader name and

the arguments separated by a colon ":". For

ffmpeg, arguments can be passed to different

positions using the same syntax as

--postprocessor-args. You can use this

option multiple times to give different

arguments to different downloaders (Alias:

--external-downloader-args)

Filesystem Options:

-a, --batch-file FILE File containing URLs to download ("-" for

stdin), one URL per line. Lines starting

with "#", ";" or "]" are considered as

comments and ignored

--no-batch-file Do not read URLs from batch file (default)

-P, --paths [TYPES:]PATH The paths where the files should be

downloaded. Specify the type of file and the

path separated by a colon ":". All the same

TYPES as --output are supported.

Additionally, you can also provide "home"

(default) and "temp" paths. All intermediary

files are first downloaded to the temp path

and then the final files are moved over to

the home path after download is finished.

This option is ignored if --output is an

absolute path

-o, --output [TYPES:]TEMPLATE Output filename template; see "OUTPUT

TEMPLATE" for details

--output-na-placeholder TEXT Placeholder for unavailable fields in

"OUTPUT TEMPLATE" (default: "NA")

--restrict-filenames Restrict filenames to only ASCII characters,

and avoid "&" and spaces in filenames

--no-restrict-filenames Allow Unicode characters, "&" and spaces in

filenames (default)

--windows-filenames Force filenames to be Windows-compatible

--no-windows-filenames Make filenames Windows-compatible only if

using Windows (default)

--trim-filenames LENGTH Limit the filename length (excluding

extension) to the specified number of

characters

-w, --no-overwrites Do not overwrite any files

--force-overwrites Overwrite all video and metadata files. This

option includes --no-continue

--no-force-overwrites Do not overwrite the video, but overwrite

related files (default)

-c, --continue Resume partially downloaded files/fragments

(default)

--no-continue Do not resume partially downloaded

fragments. If the file is not fragmented,

restart download of the entire file

--part Use .part files instead of writing directly

into output file (default)

--no-part Do not use .part files - write directly into

output file

--mtime Use the Last-modified header to set the file

modification time (default)

--no-mtime Do not use the Last-modified header to set

the file modification time

--write-description Write video description to a .description file

--no-write-description Do not write video description (default)

--write-info-json Write video metadata to a .info.json file

(this may contain personal information)

--no-write-info-json Do not write video metadata (default)

--write-playlist-metafiles Write playlist metadata in addition to the

video metadata when using --write-info-json,

--write-description etc. (default)

--no-write-playlist-metafiles Do not write playlist metadata when using

--write-info-json, --write-description etc.

--clean-info-json Remove some internal metadata such as

filenames from the infojson (default)

--no-clean-info-json Write all fields to the infojson

--write-comments Retrieve video comments to be placed in the

infojson. The comments are fetched even

without this option if the extraction is

known to be quick (Alias: --get-comments)

--no-write-comments Do not retrieve video comments unless the

extraction is known to be quick (Alias:

--no-get-comments)

--load-info-json FILE JSON file containing the video information

(created with the "--write-info-json" option)

--cookies FILE Netscape formatted file to read cookies from

and dump cookie jar in

--no-cookies Do not read/dump cookies from/to file

(default)

--cookies-from-browser BROWSER[+KEYRING][:PROFILE][::CONTAINER]

The name of the browser to load cookies

from. Currently supported browsers are:

brave, chrome, chromium, edge, firefox,

opera, safari, vivaldi. Optionally, the

KEYRING used for decrypting Chromium cookies

on Linux, the name/path of the PROFILE to

load cookies from, and the CONTAINER name

(if Firefox) ("none" for no container) can

be given with their respective seperators.

By default, all containers of the most

recently accessed profile are used.

Currently supported keyrings are: basictext,

gnomekeyring, kwallet, kwallet5, kwallet6

--no-cookies-from-browser Do not load cookies from browser (default)

--cache-dir DIR Location in the filesystem where yt-dlp can

store some downloaded information (such as

client ids and signatures) permanently. By

default ${XDG_CACHE_HOME}/yt-dlp

--no-cache-dir Disable filesystem caching

--rm-cache-dir Delete all filesystem cache files

Thumbnail Options:

--write-thumbnail Write thumbnail image to disk

--no-write-thumbnail Do not write thumbnail image to disk (default)

--write-all-thumbnails Write all thumbnail image formats to disk

--list-thumbnails List available thumbnails of each video.

Simulate unless --no-simulate is used

Internet Shortcut Options:

--write-link Write an internet shortcut file, depending

on the current platform (.url, .webloc or

.desktop). The URL may be cached by the OS

--write-url-link Write a .url Windows internet shortcut. The

OS caches the URL based on the file path

--write-webloc-link Write a .webloc macOS internet shortcut

--write-desktop-link Write a .desktop Linux internet shortcut

Verbosity and Simulation Options:

-q, --quiet Activate quiet mode. If used with --verbose,

print the log to stderr

--no-quiet Deactivate quiet mode. (Default)

--no-warnings Ignore warnings

-s, --simulate Do not download the video and do not write

anything to disk

--no-simulate Download the video even if printing/listing

options are used

--ignore-no-formats-error Ignore "No video formats" error. Useful for

extracting metadata even if the videos are

not actually available for download

(experimental)

--no-ignore-no-formats-error Throw error when no downloadable video

formats are found (default)

--skip-download Do not download the video but write all

related files (Alias: --no-download)

-O, --print [WHEN:]TEMPLATE Field name or output template to print to

screen, optionally prefixed with when to

print it, separated by a ":". Supported

values of "WHEN" are the same as that of

--use-postprocessor (default: video).

Implies --quiet. Implies --simulate unless

--no-simulate or later stages of WHEN are

used. This option can be used multiple times

--print-to-file [WHEN:]TEMPLATE FILE

Append given template to the file. The

values of WHEN and TEMPLATE are same as that

of --print. FILE uses the same syntax as the

output template. This option can be used

multiple times

-j, --dump-json Quiet, but print JSON information for each

video. Simulate unless --no-simulate is

used. See "OUTPUT TEMPLATE" for a

description of available keys

-J, --dump-single-json Quiet, but print JSON information for each

url or infojson passed. Simulate unless

--no-simulate is used. If the URL refers to

a playlist, the whole playlist information

is dumped in a single line

--force-write-archive Force download archive entries to be written

as far as no errors occur, even if -s or

another simulation option is used (Alias:

--force-download-archive)

--newline Output progress bar as new lines

--no-progress Do not print progress bar

--progress Show progress bar, even if in quiet mode

--console-title Display progress in console titlebar

--progress-template [TYPES:]TEMPLATE

Template for progress outputs, optionally

prefixed with one of "download:" (default),

"download-title:" (the console title),

"postprocess:", or "postprocess-title:".

The video's fields are accessible under the

"info" key and the progress attributes are

accessible under "progress" key. E.g.

--console-title --progress-template

"download-title:%(info.id)s-%(progress.eta)s"

-v, --verbose Print various debugging information

--dump-pages Print downloaded pages encoded using base64

to debug problems (very verbose)

--write-pages Write downloaded intermediary pages to files

in the current directory to debug problems

--print-traffic Display sent and read HTTP traffic

Workarounds:

--encoding ENCODING Force the specified encoding (experimental)

--legacy-server-connect Explicitly allow HTTPS connection to servers

that do not support RFC 5746 secure

renegotiation

--no-check-certificates Suppress HTTPS certificate validation

--prefer-insecure Use an unencrypted connection to retrieve

information about the video (Currently

supported only for YouTube)

--add-headers FIELD:VALUE Specify a custom HTTP header and its value,

separated by a colon ":". You can use this

option multiple times

--bidi-workaround Work around terminals that lack

bidirectional text support. Requires bidiv

or fribidi executable in PATH

--sleep-requests SECONDS Number of seconds to sleep between requests

during data extraction

--sleep-interval SECONDS Number of seconds to sleep before each

download. This is the minimum time to sleep

when used along with --max-sleep-interval

(Alias: --min-sleep-interval)

--max-sleep-interval SECONDS Maximum number of seconds to sleep. Can only

be used along with --min-sleep-interval

--sleep-subtitles SECONDS Number of seconds to sleep before each

subtitle download

Video Format Options:

-f, --format FORMAT Video format code, see "FORMAT SELECTION"

for more details

-S, --format-sort SORTORDER Sort the formats by the fields given, see

"Sorting Formats" for more details

--format-sort-force Force user specified sort order to have

precedence over all fields, see "Sorting

Formats" for more details (Alias: --S-force)

--no-format-sort-force Some fields have precedence over the user

specified sort order (default)

--video-multistreams Allow multiple video streams to be merged

into a single file

--no-video-multistreams Only one video stream is downloaded for each

output file (default)

--audio-multistreams Allow multiple audio streams to be merged

into a single file

--no-audio-multistreams Only one audio stream is downloaded for each

output file (default)

--prefer-free-formats Prefer video formats with free containers

over non-free ones of same quality. Use with

"-S ext" to strictly prefer free containers

irrespective of quality

--no-prefer-free-formats Don't give any special preference to free

containers (default)

--check-formats Make sure formats are selected only from

those that are actually downloadable

--check-all-formats Check all formats for whether they are

actually downloadable

--no-check-formats Do not check that the formats are actually

downloadable

-F, --list-formats List available formats of each video.

Simulate unless --no-simulate is used

--merge-output-format FORMAT Containers that may be used when merging

formats, separated by "/", e.g. "mp4/mkv".

Ignored if no merge is required. (currently

supported: avi, flv, mkv, mov, mp4, webm)

Subtitle Options:

--write-subs Write subtitle file

--no-write-subs Do not write subtitle file (default)

--write-auto-subs Write automatically generated subtitle file

(Alias: --write-automatic-subs)

--no-write-auto-subs Do not write auto-generated subtitles

(default) (Alias: --no-write-automatic-subs)

--list-subs List available subtitles of each video.

Simulate unless --no-simulate is used

--sub-format FORMAT Subtitle format; accepts formats preference,

e.g. "srt" or "ass/srt/best"

--sub-langs LANGS Languages of the subtitles to download (can

be regex) or "all" separated by commas, e.g.

--sub-langs "en.*,ja". You can prefix the

language code with a "-" to exclude it from

the requested languages, e.g. --sub-langs

all,-live_chat. Use --list-subs for a list

of available language tags

Authentication Options:

-u, --username USERNAME Login with this account ID

-p, --password PASSWORD Account password. If this option is left

out, yt-dlp will ask interactively

-2, --twofactor TWOFACTOR Two-factor authentication code

-n, --netrc Use .netrc authentication data

--netrc-location PATH Location of .netrc authentication data;

either the path or its containing directory.

Defaults to ~/.netrc

--netrc-cmd NETRC_CMD Command to execute to get the credentials

for an extractor.

--video-password PASSWORD Video-specific password

--ap-mso MSO Adobe Pass multiple-system operator (TV

provider) identifier, use --ap-list-mso for

a list of available MSOs

--ap-username USERNAME Multiple-system operator account login

--ap-password PASSWORD Multiple-system operator account password.

If this option is left out, yt-dlp will ask

interactively

--ap-list-mso List all supported multiple-system operators

--client-certificate CERTFILE Path to client certificate file in PEM

format. May include the private key

--client-certificate-key KEYFILE

Path to private key file for client

certificate

--client-certificate-password PASSWORD

Password for client certificate private key,

if encrypted. If not provided, and the key

is encrypted, yt-dlp will ask interactively

Post-Processing Options:

-x, --extract-audio Convert video files to audio-only files

(requires ffmpeg and ffprobe)

--audio-format FORMAT Format to convert the audio to when -x is

used. (currently supported: best (default),

aac, alac, flac, m4a, mp3, opus, vorbis,

wav). You can specify multiple rules using

similar syntax as --remux-video

--audio-quality QUALITY Specify ffmpeg audio quality to use when

converting the audio with -x. Insert a value

between 0 (best) and 10 (worst) for VBR or a

specific bitrate like 128K (default 5)

--remux-video FORMAT Remux the video into another container if

necessary (currently supported: avi, flv,

gif, mkv, mov, mp4, webm, aac, aiff, alac,

flac, m4a, mka, mp3, ogg, opus, vorbis,

wav). If target container does not support

the video/audio codec, remuxing will fail.

You can specify multiple rules; e.g.

"aac>m4a/mov>mp4/mkv" will remux aac to m4a,

mov to mp4 and anything else to mkv

--recode-video FORMAT Re-encode the video into another format if

necessary. The syntax and supported formats

are the same as --remux-video

--postprocessor-args NAME:ARGS Give these arguments to the postprocessors.

Specify the postprocessor/executable name

and the arguments separated by a colon ":"

to give the argument to the specified

postprocessor/executable. Supported PP are:

Merger, ModifyChapters, SplitChapters,

ExtractAudio, VideoRemuxer, VideoConvertor,

Metadata, EmbedSubtitle, EmbedThumbnail,

SubtitlesConvertor, ThumbnailsConvertor,

FixupStretched, FixupM4a, FixupM3u8,

FixupTimestamp and FixupDuration. The

supported executables are: AtomicParsley,

FFmpeg and FFprobe. You can also specify

"PP+EXE:ARGS" to give the arguments to the

specified executable only when being used by

the specified postprocessor. Additionally,

for ffmpeg/ffprobe, "_i"/"_o" can be

appended to the prefix optionally followed

by a number to pass the argument before the

specified input/output file, e.g. --ppa

"Merger+ffmpeg_i1:-v quiet". You can use

this option multiple times to give different

arguments to different postprocessors.

(Alias: --ppa)

-k, --keep-video Keep the intermediate video file on disk

after post-processing

--no-keep-video Delete the intermediate video file after

post-processing (default)

--post-overwrites Overwrite post-processed files (default)

--no-post-overwrites Do not overwrite post-processed files

--embed-subs Embed subtitles in the video (only for mp4,

webm and mkv videos)

--no-embed-subs Do not embed subtitles (default)

--embed-thumbnail Embed thumbnail in the video as cover art

--no-embed-thumbnail Do not embed thumbnail (default)

--embed-metadata Embed metadata to the video file. Also

embeds chapters/infojson if present unless

--no-embed-chapters/--no-embed-info-json are

used (Alias: --add-metadata)

--no-embed-metadata Do not add metadata to file (default)

(Alias: --no-add-metadata)

--embed-chapters Add chapter markers to the video file

(Alias: --add-chapters)

--no-embed-chapters Do not add chapter markers (default) (Alias:

--no-add-chapters)

--embed-info-json Embed the infojson as an attachment to

mkv/mka video files

--no-embed-info-json Do not embed the infojson as an attachment

to the video file

--parse-metadata [WHEN:]FROM:TO

Parse additional metadata like title/artist

from other fields; see "MODIFYING METADATA"

for details. Supported values of "WHEN" are

the same as that of --use-postprocessor

(default: pre_process)

--replace-in-metadata [WHEN:]FIELDS REGEX REPLACE

Replace text in a metadata field using the

given regex. This option can be used

multiple times. Supported values of "WHEN"

are the same as that of --use-postprocessor

(default: pre_process)

--xattrs Write metadata to the video file's xattrs

(using dublin core and xdg standards)

--concat-playlist POLICY Concatenate videos in a playlist. One of

"never", "always", or "multi_video"

(default; only when the videos form a single

show). All the video files must have same

codecs and number of streams to be

concatable. The "pl_video:" prefix can be

used with "--paths" and "--output" to set

the output filename for the concatenated

files. See "OUTPUT TEMPLATE" for details

--fixup POLICY Automatically correct known faults of the

file. One of never (do nothing), warn (only

emit a warning), detect_or_warn (the

default; fix file if we can, warn

otherwise), force (try fixing even if file

already exists)

--ffmpeg-location PATH Location of the ffmpeg binary; either the

path to the binary or its containing directory

--exec [WHEN:]CMD Execute a command, optionally prefixed with

when to execute it, separated by a ":".

Supported values of "WHEN" are the same as

that of --use-postprocessor (default:

after_move). Same syntax as the output

template can be used to pass any field as

arguments to the command. If no fields are

passed, %(filepath,_filename|)q is appended

to the end of the command. This option can

be used multiple times

--no-exec Remove any previously defined --exec

--convert-subs FORMAT Convert the subtitles to another format

(currently supported: ass, lrc, srt, vtt)

(Alias: --convert-subtitles)

--convert-thumbnails FORMAT Convert the thumbnails to another format

(currently supported: jpg, png, webp). You

can specify multiple rules using similar

syntax as --remux-video

--split-chapters Split video into multiple files based on

internal chapters. The "chapter:" prefix can

be used with "--paths" and "--output" to set

the output filename for the split files. See

"OUTPUT TEMPLATE" for details

--no-split-chapters Do not split video based on chapters (default)

--remove-chapters REGEX Remove chapters whose title matches the

given regular expression. The syntax is the

same as --download-sections. This option can

be used multiple times

--no-remove-chapters Do not remove any chapters from the file

(default)

--force-keyframes-at-cuts Force keyframes at cuts when

downloading/splitting/removing sections.

This is slow due to needing a re-encode, but

the resulting video may have fewer artifacts

around the cuts

--no-force-keyframes-at-cuts Do not force keyframes around the chapters

when cutting/splitting (default)

--use-postprocessor NAME[:ARGS]

The (case sensitive) name of plugin

postprocessors to be enabled, and

(optionally) arguments to be passed to it,

separated by a colon ":". ARGS are a

semicolon ";" delimited list of NAME=VALUE.

The "when" argument determines when the

postprocessor is invoked. It can be one of

"pre_process" (after video extraction),

"after_filter" (after video passes filter),

"video" (after --format; before

--print/--output), "before_dl" (before each

video download), "post_process" (after each

video download; default), "after_move"

(after moving video file to it's final

locations), "after_video" (after downloading

and processing all formats of a video), or

"playlist" (at end of playlist). This option

can be used multiple times to add different

postprocessors

SponsorBlock Options:

Make chapter entries for, or remove various segments (sponsor,

introductions, etc.) from downloaded YouTube videos using the

SponsorBlock API

--sponsorblock-mark CATS SponsorBlock categories to create chapters

for, separated by commas. Available

categories are sponsor, intro, outro,

selfpromo, preview, filler, interaction,

music_offtopic, poi_highlight, chapter, all

and default (=all). You can prefix the

category with a "-" to exclude it. See [1]

for description of the categories. E.g.

--sponsorblock-mark all,-preview

[1] https://wiki.sponsor.ajay.app/w/Segment_Categories

--sponsorblock-remove CATS SponsorBlock categories to be removed from

the video file, separated by commas. If a

category is present in both mark and remove,

remove takes precedence. The syntax and

available categories are the same as for

--sponsorblock-mark except that "default"

refers to "all,-filler" and poi_highlight,

chapter are not available

--sponsorblock-chapter-title TEMPLATE

An output template for the title of the

SponsorBlock chapters created by

--sponsorblock-mark. The only available

fields are start_time, end_time, category,

categories, name, category_names. Defaults

to "[SponsorBlock]: %(category_names)l"

--no-sponsorblock Disable both --sponsorblock-mark and

--sponsorblock-remove

--sponsorblock-api URL SponsorBlock API location, defaults to

https://sponsor.ajay.app

Extractor Options:

--extractor-retries RETRIES Number of retries for known extractor errors

(default is 3), or "infinite"

--allow-dynamic-mpd Process dynamic DASH manifests (default)

(Alias: --no-ignore-dynamic-mpd)

--ignore-dynamic-mpd Do not process dynamic DASH manifests

(Alias: --no-allow-dynamic-mpd)

--hls-split-discontinuity Split HLS playlists to different formats at

discontinuities such as ad breaks

--no-hls-split-discontinuity Do not split HLS playlists to different

formats at discontinuities such as ad breaks

(default)

--extractor-args IE_KEY:ARGS Pass ARGS arguments to the IE_KEY extractor.

See "EXTRACTOR ARGUMENTS" for details. You

can use this option multiple times to give

arguments for different extractors

CONFIGURATION

You can configure yt-dlp by placing any supported command line option to a configuration file. The configuration is loaded from the following locations:

Main Configuration:

The file given by --config-location

Portable Configuration: (Recommended for portable installations)

If using a binary, yt-dlp.conf in the same directory as the binary

If running from source-code, yt-dlp.conf in the parent directory of yt_dlp

Home Configuration:

yt-dlp.conf in the home path given by -P

If -P is not given, the current directory is searched

User Configuration:

${XDG_CONFIG_HOME}/yt-dlp.conf

${XDG_CONFIG_HOME}/yt-dlp/config (recommended on Linux/macOS)

${XDG_CONFIG_HOME}/yt-dlp/config.txt

${APPDATA}/yt-dlp.conf

${APPDATA}/yt-dlp/config (recommended on Windows)

${APPDATA}/yt-dlp/config.txt

~/yt-dlp.conf

~/yt-dlp.conf.txt

~/.yt-dlp/config

~/.yt-dlp/config.txt

See also: Notes about environment variables

System Configuration:

/etc/yt-dlp.conf

/etc/yt-dlp/config

/etc/yt-dlp/config.txt

E.g. with the following configuration file yt-dlp will always extract the audio, not copy the mtime, use a proxy and save all videos under YouTube directory in your home directory:

# Lines starting with # are comments

# Always extract audio

-x

# Do not copy the mtime

--no-mtime

# Use this proxy

--proxy 127.0.0.1:3128

# Save all videos under YouTube directory in your home directory

-o ~/YouTube/%(title)s.%(ext)s

Note: Options in configuration file are just the same options aka switches used in regular command line calls; thus there must be no whitespace after - or --, e.g. -o or --proxy but not - o or -- proxy. They must also be quoted when necessary as-if it were a UNIX shell.

You can use --ignore-config if you want to disable all configuration files for a particular yt-dlp run. If --ignore-config is found inside any configuration file, no further configuration will be loaded. For example, having the option in the portable configuration file prevents loading of home, user, and system configurations. Additionally, (for backward compatibility) if --ignore-config is found inside the system configuration file, the user configuration is not loaded.

Configuration file encoding

The configuration files are decoded according to the UTF BOM if present, and in the encoding from system locale otherwise.

If you want your file to be decoded differently, add # coding: ENCODING to the beginning of the file (e.g. # coding: shift-jis). There must be no characters before that, even spaces or BOM.

Authentication with netrc

You may also want to configure automatic credentials storage for extractors that support authentication (by providing login and password with --username and --password) in order not to pass credentials as command line arguments on every yt-dlp execution and prevent tracking plain text passwords in the shell command history. You can achieve this using a .netrc file on a per-extractor basis. For that you will need to create a .netrc file in --netrc-location and restrict permissions to read/write by only you:

touch ${HOME}/.netrc

chmod a-rwx,u+rw ${HOME}/.netrc

After that you can add credentials for an extractor in the following format, where extractor is the name of the extractor in lowercase:

machine login password

E.g.

machine youtube login myaccount@gmail.com password my_youtube_password

machine twitch login my_twitch_account_name password my_twitch_password

To activate authentication with the .netrc file you should pass --netrc to yt-dlp or place it in the configuration file.

The default location of the .netrc file is ~ (see below).

As an alternative to using the .netrc file, which has the disadvantage of keeping your passwords in a plain text file, you can configure a custom shell command to provide the credentials for an extractor. This is done by providing the --netrc-cmd parameter, it shall output the credentials in the netrc format and return 0 on success, other values will be treated as an error. {} in the command will be replaced by the name of the extractor to make it possible to select the credentials for the right extractor.

E.g. To use an encrypted .netrc file stored as .authinfo.gpg

yt-dlp --netrc-cmd 'gpg --decrypt ~/.authinfo.gpg' https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BaW_jenozKc

Notes about environment variables

Environment variables are normally specified as ${VARIABLE}/$VARIABLE on UNIX and %VARIABLE% on Windows; but is always shown as ${VARIABLE} in this documentation

yt-dlp also allow using UNIX-style variables on Windows for path-like options; e.g. --output, --config-location

If unset, ${XDG_CONFIG_HOME} defaults to ~/.config and ${XDG_CACHE_HOME} to ~/.cache

On Windows, ~ points to ${HOME} if present; or, ${USERPROFILE} or ${HOMEDRIVE}${HOMEPATH} otherwise

On Windows, ${USERPROFILE} generally points to C:\Users\ and ${APPDATA} to ${USERPROFILE}\AppData\Roaming

OUTPUT TEMPLATE

The -o option is used to indicate a template for the output file names while -P option is used to specify the path each type of file should be saved to.

tl;dr: navigate me to examples.

The simplest usage of -o is not to set any template arguments when downloading a single file, like in yt-dlp -o funny_video.flv "https://some/video" (hard-coding file extension like this is not recommended and could break some post-processing).

It may however also contain special sequences that will be replaced when downloading each video. The special sequences may be formatted according to Python string formatting operations, e.g. %(NAME)s or %(NAME)05d. To clarify, that is a percent symbol followed by a name in parentheses, followed by formatting operations.

The field names themselves (the part inside the parenthesis) can also have some special formatting:

Object traversal: The dictionaries and lists available in metadata can be traversed by using a dot . separator; e.g. %(tags.0)s, %(subtitles.en.-1.ext)s. You can do Python slicing with colon :; E.g. %(id.3:7:-1)s, %(formats.:.format_id)s. Curly braces {} can be used to build dictionaries with only specific keys; e.g. %(formats.:.{format_id,height})#j. An empty field name %()s refers to the entire infodict; e.g. %(.{id,title})s. Note that all the fields that become available using this method are not listed below. Use -j to see such fields

Arithmetic: Simple arithmetic can be done on numeric fields using +, - and *. E.g. %(playlist_index+10)03d, %(n_entries+1-playlist_index)d

Date/time Formatting: Date/time fields can be formatted according to strftime formatting by specifying it separated from the field name using a >. E.g. %(duration>%H-%M-%S)s, %(upload_date>%Y-%m-%d)s, %(epoch-3600>%H-%M-%S)s

Alternatives: Alternate fields can be specified separated with a ,. E.g. %(release_date>%Y,upload_date>%Y|Unknown)s

Replacement: A replacement value can be specified using a & separator according to the str.format mini-language. If the field is not empty, this replacement value will be used instead of the actual field content. This is done after alternate fields are considered; thus the replacement is used if any of the alternative fields is not empty. E.g. %(chapters&has chapters|no chapters)s, %(title&TITLE={:>20}|NO TITLE)s

Default: A literal default value can be specified for when the field is empty using a | separator. This overrides --output-na-placeholder. E.g. %(uploader|Unknown)s

More Conversions: In addition to the normal format types diouxXeEfFgGcrs, yt-dlp additionally supports converting to B = Bytes, j = json (flag # for pretty-printing, + for Unicode), h = HTML escaping, l = a comma separated list (flag # for \n newline-separated), q = a string quoted for the terminal (flag # to split a list into different arguments), D = add Decimal suffixes (e.g. 10M) (flag # to use 1024 as factor), and S = Sanitize as filename (flag # for restricted)

Unicode normalization: The format type U can be used for NFC Unicode normalization. The alternate form flag (#) changes the normalization to NFD and the conversion flag + can be used for NFKC/NFKD compatibility equivalence normalization. E.g. %(title)+.100U is NFKC

To summarize, the general syntax for a field is:

%(name[.keys][addition][>strf][,alternate][&replacement][|default])[flags][width][.precision][length]type

Additionally, you can set different output templates for the various metadata files separately from the general output template by specifying the type of file followed by the template separated by a colon :. The different file types supported are subtitle, thumbnail, description, annotation (deprecated), infojson, link, pl_thumbnail, pl_description, pl_infojson, chapter, pl_video. E.g. -o "%(title)s.%(ext)s" -o "thumbnail:%(title)s\%(title)s.%(ext)s" will put the thumbnails in a folder with the same name as the video. If any of the templates is empty, that type of file will not be written. E.g. --write-thumbnail -o "thumbnail:" will write thumbnails only for playlists and not for video.

Note: Due to post-processing (i.e. merging etc.), the actual output filename might differ. Use --print after_move:filepath to get the name after all post-processing is complete.

The available fields are:

id (string): Video identifier

title (string): Video title

fulltitle (string): Video title ignoring live timestamp and generic title

ext (string): Video filename extension

alt_title (string): A secondary title of the video

description (string): The description of the video

display_id (string): An alternative identifier for the video

uploader (string): Full name of the video uploader

license (string): License name the video is licensed under

creators (list): The creators of the video

creator (string): The creators of the video; comma-separated

timestamp (numeric): UNIX timestamp of the moment the video became available

upload_date (string): Video upload date in UTC (YYYYMMDD)

release_timestamp (numeric): UNIX timestamp of the moment the video was released

release_date (string): The date (YYYYMMDD) when the video was released in UTC

release_year (numeric): Year (YYYY) when the video or album was released

modified_timestamp (numeric): UNIX timestamp of the moment the video was last modified

modified_date (string): The date (YYYYMMDD) when the video was last modified in UTC

uploader_id (string): Nickname or id of the video uploader

channel (string): Full name of the channel the video is uploaded on

channel_id (string): Id of the channel

channel_follower_count (numeric): Number of followers of the channel

channel_is_verified (boolean): Whether the channel is verified on the platform

location (string): Physical location where the video was filmed

duration (numeric): Length of the video in seconds

duration_string (string): Length of the video (HH:mm:ss)

view_count (numeric): How many users have watched the video on the platform

concurrent_view_count (numeric): How many users are currently watching the video on the platform.

like_count (numeric): Number of positive ratings of the video

dislike_count (numeric): Number of negative ratings of the video

repost_count (numeric): Number of reposts of the video

average_rating (numeric): Average rating give by users, the scale used depends on the webpage

comment_count (numeric): Number of comments on the video (For some extractors, comments are only downloaded at the end, and so this field cannot be used)

age_limit (numeric): Age restriction for the video (years)

live_status (string): One of "not_live", "is_live", "is_upcoming", "was_live", "post_live" (was live, but VOD is not yet processed)

is_live (boolean): Whether this video is a live stream or a fixed-length video

was_live (boolean): Whether this video was originally a live stream

playable_in_embed (string): Whether this video is allowed to play in embedded players on other sites

availability (string): Whether the video is "private", "premium_only", "subscriber_only", "needs_auth", "unlisted" or "public"

media_type (string): The type of media as classified by the site, e.g. "episode", "clip", "trailer"

start_time (numeric): Time in seconds where the reproduction should start, as specified in the URL

end_time (numeric): Time in seconds where the reproduction should end, as specified in the URL

extractor (string): Name of the extractor

extractor_key (string): Key name of the extractor

epoch (numeric): Unix epoch of when the information extraction was completed

autonumber (numeric): Number that will be increased with each download, starting at --autonumber-start, padded with leading zeros to 5 digits

video_autonumber (numeric): Number that will be increased with each video

n_entries (numeric): Total number of extracted items in the playlist

playlist_id (string): Identifier of the playlist that contains the video

playlist_title (string): Name of the playlist that contains the video

playlist (string): playlist_id or playlist_title

playlist_count (numeric): Total number of items in the playlist. May not be known if entire playlist is not extracted

playlist_index (numeric): Index of the video in the playlist padded with leading zeros according the final index

playlist_autonumber (numeric): Position of the video in the playlist download queue padded with leading zeros according to the total length of the playlist

playlist_uploader (string): Full name of the playlist uploader

playlist_uploader_id (string): Nickname or id of the playlist uploader

webpage_url (string): A URL to the video webpage which if given to yt-dlp should allow to get the same result again

webpage_url_basename (string): The basename of the webpage URL

webpage_url_domain (string): The domain of the webpage URL

original_url (string): The URL given by the user (or same as webpage_url for playlist entries)

All the fields in Filtering Formats can also be used

Available for the video that belongs to some logical chapter or section:

chapter (string): Name or title of the chapter the video belongs to

chapter_number (numeric): Number of the chapter the video belongs to

chapter_id (string): Id of the chapter the video belongs to

Available for the video that is an episode of some series or programme:

series (string): Title of the series or programme the video episode belongs to

season (string): Title of the season the video episode belongs to

season_number (numeric): Number of the season the video episode belongs to

season_id (string): Id of the season the video episode belongs to

episode (string): Title of the video episode

episode_number (numeric): Number of the video episode within a season

episode_id (string): Id of the video episode

Available for the media that is a track or a part of a music album:

track (string): Title of the track

track_number (numeric): Number of the track within an album or a disc

track_id (string): Id of the track

artists (list): Artist(s) of the track

artist (string): Artist(s) of the track; comma-separated

genres (list): Genre(s) of the track

genre (string): Genre(s) of the track; comma-separated

composers (list): Composer(s) of the piece

composer (string): Composer(s) of the piece; comma-separated

album (string): Title of the album the track belongs to

album_type (string): Type of the album

album_artists (list): All artists appeared on the album

album_artist (string): All artists appeared on the album; comma-separated

disc_number (numeric): Number of the disc or other physical medium the track belongs to

Available only when using --download-sections and for chapter: prefix when using --split-chapters for videos with internal chapters:

section_title (string): Title of the chapter

section_number (numeric): Number of the chapter within the file

section_start (numeric): Start time of the chapter in seconds

section_end (numeric): End time of the chapter in seconds

Available only when used in --print:

urls (string): The URLs of all requested formats, one in each line

filename (string): Name of the video file. Note that the actual filename may differ

formats_table (table): The video format table as printed by --list-formats

thumbnails_table (table): The thumbnail format table as printed by --list-thumbnails

subtitles_table (table): The subtitle format table as printed by --list-subs

automatic_captions_table (table): The automatic subtitle format table as printed by --list-subs

Available only after the video is downloaded (post_process/after_move):

filepath: Actual path of downloaded video file

Available only in --sponsorblock-chapter-title:

start_time (numeric): Start time of the chapter in seconds

end_time (numeric): End time of the chapter in seconds

categories (list): The SponsorBlock categories the chapter belongs to

category (string): The smallest SponsorBlock category the chapter belongs to

category_names (list): Friendly names of the categories

name (string): Friendly name of the smallest category

type (string): The SponsorBlock action type of the chapter

Each aforementioned sequence when referenced in an output template will be replaced by the actual value corresponding to the sequence name. E.g. for -o %(title)s-%(id)s.%(ext)s and an mp4 video with title yt-dlp test video and id BaW_jenozKc, this will result in a yt-dlp test video-BaW_jenozKc.mp4 file created in the current directory.

Note: Some of the sequences are not guaranteed to be present since they depend on the metadata obtained by a particular extractor. Such sequences will be replaced with placeholder value provided with --output-na-placeholder (NA by default).

Tip: Look at the -j output to identify which fields are available for the particular URL

For numeric sequences you can use numeric related formatting; e.g. %(view_count)05d will result in a string with view count padded with zeros up to 5 characters, like in 00042.

Output templates can also contain arbitrary hierarchical path, e.g. -o "%(playlist)s/%(playlist_index)s - %(title)s.%(ext)s" which will result in downloading each video in a directory corresponding to this path template. Any missing directory will be automatically created for you.

To use percent literals in an output template use %%. To output to stdout use -o -.

The current default template is %(title)s [%(id)s].%(ext)s.

In some cases, you don't want special characters such as 中, spaces, or &, such as when transferring the downloaded filename to a Windows system or the filename through an 8bit-unsafe channel. In these cases, add the --restrict-filenames flag to get a shorter title.

Output template examples

$ yt-dlp --print filename -o "test video.%(ext)s" BaW_jenozKc

test video.webm # Literal name with correct extension

$ yt-dlp --print filename -o "%(title)s.%(ext)s" BaW_jenozKc

youtube-dl test video ''_ä↭.webm # All kinds of weird characters

$ yt-dlp --print filename -o "%(title)s.%(ext)s" BaW_jenozKc --restrict-filenames

youtube-dl_test_video_.webm # Restricted file name

# Download YouTube playlist videos in separate directory indexed by video order in a playlist

$ yt-dlp -o "%(playlist)s/%(playlist_index)s - %(title)s.%(ext)s" "https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLwiyx1dc3P2JR9N8gQaQN_BCvlSlap7re"

# Download YouTube playlist videos in separate directories according to their uploaded year

$ yt-dlp -o "%(upload_date>%Y)s/%(title)s.%(ext)s" "https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLwiyx1dc3P2JR9N8gQaQN_BCvlSlap7re"

# Prefix playlist index with " - " separator, but only if it is available

$ yt-dlp -o "%(playlist_index&{} - |)s%(title)s.%(ext)s" BaW_jenozKc "https://www.youtube.com/user/TheLinuxFoundation/playlists"

# Download all playlists of YouTube channel/user keeping each playlist in separate directory:

$ yt-dlp -o "%(uploader)s/%(playlist)s/%(playlist_index)s - %(title)s.%(ext)s" "https://www.youtube.com/user/TheLinuxFoundation/playlists"

# Download Udemy course keeping each chapter in separate directory under MyVideos directory in your home

$ yt-dlp -u user -p password -P "~/MyVideos" -o "%(playlist)s/%(chapter_number)s - %(chapter)s/%(title)s.%(ext)s" "https://www.udemy.com/java-tutorial"

# Download entire series season keeping each series and each season in separate directory under C:/MyVideos

$ yt-dlp -P "C:/MyVideos" -o "%(series)s/%(season_number)s - %(season)s/%(episode_number)s - %(episode)s.%(ext)s" "https://videomore.ru/kino_v_detalayah/5_sezon/367617"

# Download video as "C:\MyVideos\uploader\title.ext", subtitles as "C:\MyVideos\subs\uploader\title.ext"

# and put all temporary files in "C:\MyVideos\tmp"

$ yt-dlp -P "C:/MyVideos" -P "temp:tmp" -P "subtitle:subs" -o "%(uploader)s/%(title)s.%(ext)s" BaW_jenoz --write-subs

# Download video as "C:\MyVideos\uploader\title.ext" and subtitles as "C:\MyVideos\uploader\subs\title.ext"

$ yt-dlp -P "C:/MyVideos" -o "%(uploader)s/%(title)s.%(ext)s" -o "subtitle:%(uploader)s/subs/%(title)s.%(ext)s" BaW_jenozKc --write-subs

# Stream the video being downloaded to stdout

$ yt-dlp -o - BaW_jenozKc

FORMAT SELECTION

By default, yt-dlp tries to download the best available quality if you don't pass any options.

This is generally equivalent to using -f bestvideo*+bestaudio/best. However, if multiple audiostreams is enabled (--audio-multistreams), the default format changes to -f bestvideo+bestaudio/best. Similarly, if ffmpeg is unavailable, or if you use yt-dlp to stream to stdout (-o -), the default becomes -f best/bestvideo+bestaudio.

Deprecation warning: Latest versions of yt-dlp can stream multiple formats to the stdout simultaneously using ffmpeg. So, in future versions, the default for this will be set to -f bv*+ba/b similar to normal downloads. If you want to preserve the -f b/bv+ba setting, it is recommended to explicitly specify it in the configuration options.

The general syntax for format selection is -f FORMAT (or --format FORMAT) where FORMAT is a selector expression, i.e. an expression that describes format or formats you would like to download.

tl;dr: navigate me to examples.

The simplest case is requesting a specific format; e.g. with -f 22 you can download the format with format code equal to 22. You can get the list of available format codes for particular video using --list-formats or -F. Note that these format codes are extractor specific.

You can also use a file extension (currently 3gp, aac, flv, m4a, mp3, mp4, ogg, wav, webm are supported) to download the best quality format of a particular file extension served as a single file, e.g. -f webm will download the best quality format with the webm extension served as a single file.

You can use -f - to interactively provide the format selector for each video

You can also use special names to select particular edge case formats:

all: Select all formats separately

mergeall: Select and merge all formats (Must be used with --audio-multistreams, --video-multistreams or both)

b*, best*: Select the best quality format that contains either a video or an audio or both (ie; vcodec!=none or acodec!=none)

b, best: Select the best quality format that contains both video and audio. Equivalent to best*[vcodec!=none][acodec!=none]

bv, bestvideo: Select the best quality video-only format. Equivalent to best*[acodec=none]

bv*, bestvideo*: Select the best quality format that contains video. It may also contain audio. Equivalent to best*[vcodec!=none]

ba, bestaudio: Select the best quality audio-only format. Equivalent to best*[vcodec=none]

ba*, bestaudio*: Select the best quality format that contains audio. It may also contain video. Equivalent to best*[acodec!=none] (Do not use!)

w*, worst*: Select the worst quality format that contains either a video or an audio

w, worst: Select the worst quality format that contains both video and audio. Equivalent to worst*[vcodec!=none][acodec!=none]

wv, worstvideo: Select the worst quality video-only format. Equivalent to worst*[acodec=none]

wv*, worstvideo*: Select the worst quality format that contains video. It may also contain audio. Equivalent to worst*[vcodec!=none]

wa, worstaudio: Select the worst quality audio-only format. Equivalent to worst*[vcodec=none]

wa*, worstaudio*: Select the worst quality format that contains audio. It may also contain video. Equivalent to worst*[acodec!=none]

For example, to download the worst quality video-only format you can use -f worstvideo. It is however recommended not to use worst and related options. When your format selector is worst, the format which is worst in all respects is selected. Most of the time, what you actually want is the video with the smallest filesize instead. So it is generally better to use -S +size or more rigorously, -S +size,+br,+res,+fps instead of -f worst. See Sorting Formats for more details.

You can select the n'th best format of a type by using best.. For example, best.2 will select the 2nd best combined format. Similarly, bv*.3 will select the 3rd best format that contains a video stream.

If you want to download multiple videos, and they don't have the same formats available, you can specify the order of preference using slashes. Note that formats on the left hand side are preferred; e.g. -f 22/17/18 will download format 22 if it's available, otherwise it will download format 17 if it's available, otherwise it will download format 18 if it's available, otherwise it will complain that no suitable formats are available for download.

If you want to download several formats of the same video use a comma as a separator, e.g. -f 22,17,18 will download all these three formats, of course if they are available. Or a more sophisticated example combined with the precedence feature: -f 136/137/mp4/bestvideo,140/m4a/bestaudio.

You can merge the video and audio of multiple formats into a single file using -f ++... (requires ffmpeg installed); e.g. -f bestvideo+bestaudio will download the best video-only format, the best audio-only format and mux them together with ffmpeg.

Deprecation warning: Since the below described behavior is complex and counter-intuitive, this will be removed and multistreams will be enabled by default in the future. A new operator will be instead added to limit formats to single audio/video

Unless --video-multistreams is used, all formats with a video stream except the first one are ignored. Similarly, unless --audio-multistreams is used, all formats with an audio stream except the first one are ignored. E.g. -f bestvideo+best+bestaudio --video-multistreams --audio-multistreams will download and merge all 3 given formats. The resulting file will have 2 video streams and 2 audio streams. But -f bestvideo+best+bestaudio --no-video-multistreams will download and merge only bestvideo and bestaudio. best is ignored since another format containing a video stream (bestvideo) has already been selected. The order of the formats is therefore important. -f best+bestaudio --no-audio-multistreams will download only best while -f bestaudio+best --no-audio-multistreams will ignore best and download only bestaudio.

Filtering Formats

You can also filter the video formats by putting a condition in brackets, as in -f "best[height=720]" (or -f "[filesize>10M]" since filters without a selector are interpreted as best).

The following numeric meta fields can be used with comparisons <, <=, >, >=, = (equals), != (not equals):

filesize: The number of bytes, if known in advance

filesize_approx: An estimate for the number of bytes

width: Width of the video, if known

height: Height of the video, if known

aspect_ratio: Aspect ratio of the video, if known

tbr: Average bitrate of audio and video in KBit/s

abr: Average audio bitrate in KBit/s

vbr: Average video bitrate in KBit/s

asr: Audio sampling rate in Hertz

fps: Frame rate

audio_channels: The number of audio channels

stretched_ratio: width:height of the video's pixels, if not square

Also filtering work for comparisons = (equals), ^= (starts with), $= (ends with), *= (contains), ~= (matches regex) and following string meta fields:

url: Video URL

ext: File extension

acodec: Name of the audio codec in use

vcodec: Name of the video codec in use

container: Name of the container format

protocol: The protocol that will be used for the actual download, lower-case (http, https, rtsp, rtmp, rtmpe, mms, f4m, ism, http_dash_segments, m3u8, or m3u8_native)

language: Language code

dynamic_range: The dynamic range of the video

format_id: A short description of the format

format: A human-readable description of the format

format_note: Additional info about the format

resolution: Textual description of width and height

Any string comparison may be prefixed with negation ! in order to produce an opposite comparison, e.g. !*= (does not contain). The comparand of a string comparison needs to be quoted with either double or single quotes if it contains spaces or special characters other than ._-.

Note: None of the aforementioned meta fields are guaranteed to be present since this solely depends on the metadata obtained by particular extractor, i.e. the metadata offered by the website. Any other field made available by the extractor can also be used for filtering.

Formats for which the value is not known are excluded unless you put a question mark (?) after the operator. You can combine format filters, so -f "bv[height<=?720][tbr>500]" selects up to 720p videos (or videos where the height is not known) with a bitrate of at least 500 KBit/s. You can also use the filters with all to download all formats that satisfy the filter, e.g. -f "all[vcodec=none]" selects all audio-only formats.

Format selectors can also be grouped using parentheses; e.g. -f "(mp4,webm)[height<480]" will download the best pre-merged mp4 and webm formats with a height lower than 480.

Sorting Formats

You can change the criteria for being considered the best by using -S (--format-sort). The general format for this is --format-sort field1,field2....

The available fields are:

hasvid: Gives priority to formats that have a video stream

hasaud: Gives priority to formats that have an audio stream

ie_pref: The format preference

lang: The language preference

quality: The quality of the format

source: The preference of the source

proto: Protocol used for download (https/ftps > http/ftp > m3u8_native/m3u8 > http_dash_segments> websocket_frag > mms/rtsp > f4f/f4m)

vcodec: Video Codec (av01 > vp9.2 > vp9 > h265 > h264 > vp8 > h263 > theora > other)

acodec: Audio Codec (flac/alac > wav/aiff > opus > vorbis > aac > mp4a > mp3 > ac4 > eac3 > ac3 > dts > other)

codec: Equivalent to vcodec,acodec

vext: Video Extension (mp4 > mov > webm > flv > other). If --prefer-free-formats is used, webm is preferred.

aext: Audio Extension (m4a > aac > mp3 > ogg > opus > webm > other). If --prefer-free-formats is used, the order changes to ogg > opus > webm > mp3 > m4a > aac

ext: Equivalent to vext,aext

filesize: Exact filesize, if known in advance

fs_approx: Approximate filesize

size: Exact filesize if available, otherwise approximate filesize

height: Height of video

width: Width of video

res: Video resolution, calculated as the smallest dimension.

fps: Framerate of video

hdr: The dynamic range of the video (DV > HDR12 > HDR10+ > HDR10 > HLG > SDR)

channels: The number of audio channels

tbr: Total average bitrate in KBit/s

vbr: Average video bitrate in KBit/s

abr: Average audio bitrate in KBit/s

br: Average bitrate in KBit/s, tbr/vbr/abr

asr: Audio sample rate in Hz

Deprecation warning: Many of these fields have (currently undocumented) aliases, that may be removed in a future version. It is recommended to use only the documented field names.

All fields, unless specified otherwise, are sorted in descending order. To reverse this, prefix the field with a +. E.g. +res prefers format with the smallest resolution. Additionally, you can suffix a preferred value for the fields, separated by a :. E.g. res:720 prefers larger videos, but no larger than 720p and the smallest video if there are no videos less than 720p. For codec and ext, you can provide two preferred values, the first for video and the second for audio. E.g. +codec:avc:m4a (equivalent to +vcodec:avc,+acodec:m4a) sets the video codec preference to h264 > h265 > vp9 > vp9.2 > av01 > vp8 > h263 > theora and audio codec preference to mp4a > aac > vorbis > opus > mp3 > ac3 > dts. You can also make the sorting prefer the nearest values to the provided by using ~ as the delimiter. E.g. filesize~1G prefers the format with filesize closest to 1 GiB.

The fields hasvid and ie_pref are always given highest priority in sorting, irrespective of the user-defined order. This behaviour can be changed by using --format-sort-force. Apart from these, the default order used is: lang,quality,res,fps,hdr:12,vcodec:vp9.2,channels,acodec,size,br,asr,proto,ext,hasaud,source,id. The extractors may override this default order, but they cannot override the user-provided order.

Note that the default has vcodec:vp9.2; i.e. av1 is not preferred. Similarly, the default for hdr is hdr:12; i.e. dolby vision is not preferred. These choices are made since DV and AV1 formats are not yet fully compatible with most devices. This may be changed in the future as more devices become capable of smoothly playing back these formats.

If your format selector is worst, the last item is selected after sorting. This means it will select the format that is worst in all respects. Most of the time, what you actually want is the video with the smallest filesize instead. So it is generally better to use -f best -S +size,+br,+res,+fps.

Tip: You can use the -v -F to see how the formats have been sorted (worst to best).

Format Selection examples

# Download and merge the best video-only format and the best audio-only format,

# or download the best combined format if video-only format is not available

$ yt-dlp -f "bv+ba/b"

# Download best format that contains video,

# and if it doesn't already have an audio stream, merge it with best audio-only format

$ yt-dlp -f "bv*+ba/b"

# Same as above

$ yt-dlp

# Download the best video-only format and the best audio-only format without merging them

# For this case, an output template should be used since

# by default, bestvideo and bestaudio will have the same file name.

$ yt-dlp -f "bv,ba" -o "%(title)s.f%(format_id)s.%(ext)s"

# Download and merge the best format that has a video stream,

# and all audio-only formats into one file

$ yt-dlp -f "bv*+mergeall[vcodec=none]" --audio-multistreams

# Download and merge the best format that has a video stream,

# and the best 2 audio-only formats into one file

$ yt-dlp -f "bv*+ba+ba.2" --audio-multistreams

# The following examples show the old method (without -S) of format selection

# and how to use -S to achieve a similar but (generally) better result

# Download the worst video available (old method)

$ yt-dlp -f "wv*+wa/w"

# Download the best video available but with the smallest resolution

$ yt-dlp -S "+res"

# Download the smallest video available

$ yt-dlp -S "+size,+br"

# Download the best mp4 video available, or the best video if no mp4 available

$ yt-dlp -f "bv*[ext=mp4]+ba[ext=m4a]/b[ext=mp4] / bv*+ba/b"

# Download the best video with the best extension

# (For video, mp4 > mov > webm > flv. For audio, m4a > aac > mp3 ...)

$ yt-dlp -S "ext"

# Download the best video available but no better than 480p,

# or the worst video if there is no video under 480p

$ yt-dlp -f "bv*[height<=480]+ba/b[height<=480] / wv*+ba/w"

# Download the best video available with the largest height but no better than 480p,

# or the best video with the smallest resolution if there is no video under 480p

$ yt-dlp -S "height:480"

# Download the best video available with the largest resolution but no better than 480p,

# or the best video with the smallest resolution if there is no video under 480p

# Resolution is determined by using the smallest dimension.

# So this works correctly for vertical videos as well

$ yt-dlp -S "res:480"

# Download the best video (that also has audio) but no bigger than 50 MB,

# or the worst video (that also has audio) if there is no video under 50 MB

$ yt-dlp -f "b[filesize<50M] / w"

# Download largest video (that also has audio) but no bigger than 50 MB,

# or the smallest video (that also has audio) if there is no video under 50 MB

$ yt-dlp -f "b" -S "filesize:50M"

# Download best video (that also has audio) that is closest in size to 50 MB

$ yt-dlp -f "b" -S "filesize~50M"

# Download best video available via direct link over HTTP/HTTPS protocol,

# or the best video available via any protocol if there is no such video

$ yt-dlp -f "(bv*+ba/b)[protocol^=http][protocol!*=dash] / (bv*+ba/b)"

# Download best video available via the best protocol

# (https/ftps > http/ftp > m3u8_native > m3u8 > http_dash_segments ...)

$ yt-dlp -S "proto"

# Download the best video with either h264 or h265 codec,

# or the best video if there is no such video

$ yt-dlp -f "(bv*[vcodec~='^((he|a)vc|h26[45])']+ba) / (bv*+ba/b)"

# Download the best video with best codec no better than h264,

# or the best video with worst codec if there is no such video

$ yt-dlp -S "codec:h264"

# Download the best video with worst codec no worse than h264,

# or the best video with best codec if there is no such video

$ yt-dlp -S "+codec:h264"

# More complex examples

# Download the best video no better than 720p preferring framerate greater than 30,

# or the worst video (still preferring framerate greater than 30) if there is no such video

$ yt-dlp -f "((bv*[fps>30]/bv*)[height<=720]/(wv*[fps>30]/wv*)) + ba / (b[fps>30]/b)[height<=720]/(w[fps>30]/w)"

# Download the video with the largest resolution no better than 720p,

# or the video with the smallest resolution available if there is no such video,

# preferring larger framerate for formats with the same resolution

$ yt-dlp -S "res:720,fps"

# Download the video with smallest resolution no worse than 480p,

# or the video with the largest resolution available if there is no such video,

# preferring better codec and then larger total bitrate for the same resolution

$ yt-dlp -S "+res:480,codec,br"

MODIFYING METADATA

The metadata obtained by the extractors can be modified by using --parse-metadata and --replace-in-metadata

--replace-in-metadata FIELDS REGEX REPLACE is used to replace text in any metadata field using python regular expression. Backreferences can be used in the replace string for advanced use.

The general syntax of --parse-metadata FROM:TO is to give the name of a field or an output template to extract data from, and the format to interpret it as, separated by a colon :. Either a python regular expression with named capture groups, a single field name, or a similar syntax to the output template (only %(field)s formatting is supported) can be used for TO. The option can be used multiple times to parse and modify various fields.

Note that these options preserve their relative order, allowing replacements to be made in parsed fields and viceversa. Also, any field thus created can be used in the output template and will also affect the media file's metadata added when using --embed-metadata.

This option also has a few special uses:

You can download an additional URL based on the metadata of the currently downloaded video. To do this, set the field additional_urls to the URL that you want to download. E.g. --parse-metadata "description:(?Phttps?://www\.vimeo\.com/\d+)" will download the first vimeo video found in the description

You can use this to change the metadata that is embedded in the media file. To do this, set the value of the corresponding field with a meta_ prefix. For example, any value you set to meta_description field will be added to the description field in the file - you can use this to set a different "description" and "synopsis". To modify the metadata of individual streams, use the meta_ prefix (e.g. meta1_language). Any value set to the meta_ field will overwrite all default values.

Note: Metadata modification happens before format selection, post-extraction and other post-processing operations. Some fields may be added or changed during these steps, overriding your changes.

For reference, these are the fields yt-dlp adds by default to the file metadata:

Metadata fields

From

title

track or title

date

upload_date

description, synopsis

description

purl, comment

webpage_url

track

track_number

artist

artist, artists, creator, creators, uploader or uploader_id

composer

composer or composers

genre

genre or genres

album

album_artist

album_artist or album_artists

disc

disc_number

show

series

season_number

episode_id

episode or episode_id

episode_sort

episode_number

language of each stream

the format's language

Note: The file format may not support some of these fields

Modifying metadata examples

# Interpret the title as "Artist - Title"

$ yt-dlp --parse-metadata "title:%(artist)s - %(title)s"

# Regex example

$ yt-dlp --parse-metadata "description:Artist - (?P.+)"

# Set title as "Series name S01E05"

$ yt-dlp --parse-metadata "%(series)s S%(season_number)02dE%(episode_number)02d:%(title)s"

# Prioritize uploader as the "artist" field in video metadata

$ yt-dlp --parse-metadata "%(uploader|)s:%(meta_artist)s" --embed-metadata

# Set "comment" field in video metadata using description instead of webpage_url,

# handling multiple lines correctly

$ yt-dlp --parse-metadata "description:(?s)(?P.+)" --embed-metadata

# Do not set any "synopsis" in the video metadata

$ yt-dlp --parse-metadata ":(?P)"

# Remove "formats" field from the infojson by setting it to an empty string

$ yt-dlp --parse-metadata "video::(?P)" --write-info-json

# Replace all spaces and "_" in title and uploader with a `-`

$ yt-dlp --replace-in-metadata "title,uploader" "[ _]" "-"

EXTRACTOR ARGUMENTS

Some extractors accept additional arguments which can be passed using --extractor-args KEY:ARGS. ARGS is a ; (semicolon) separated string of ARG=VAL1,VAL2. E.g. --extractor-args "youtube:player-client=android_embedded,web;include_live_dash" --extractor-args "funimation:version=uncut"

Note: In CLI, ARG can use - instead of _; e.g. youtube:player-client" becomes youtube:player_client"

The following extractors use this feature:

youtube

lang: Prefer translated metadata (title, description etc) of this language code (case-sensitive). By default, the video primary language metadata is preferred, with a fallback to en translated. See youtube.py for list of supported content language codes

skip: One or more of hls, dash or translated_subs to skip extraction of the m3u8 manifests, dash manifests and auto-translated subtitles respectively

player_client: Clients to extract video data from. The main clients are web, android and ios with variants _music, _embedded, _embedscreen, _creator (e.g. web_embedded); and mweb, mweb_embedscreen and tv_embedded (agegate bypass) with no variants. By default, ios,android,web is used, but tv_embedded and creator variants are added as required for age-gated videos. Similarly, the music variants are added for music.youtube.com urls. You can use all to use all the clients, and default for the default clients.

player_skip: Skip some network requests that are generally needed for robust extraction. One or more of configs (skip client configs), webpage (skip initial webpage), js (skip js player). While these options can help reduce the number of requests needed or avoid some rate-limiting, they could cause some issues. See #860 for more details

player_params: YouTube player parameters to use for player requests. Will overwrite any default ones set by yt-dlp.

comment_sort: top or new (default) - choose comment sorting mode (on YouTube's side)

max_comments: Limit the amount of comments to gather. Comma-separated list of integers representing max-comments,max-parents,max-replies,max-replies-per-thread. Default is all,all,all,all

E.g. all,all,1000,10 will get a maximum of 1000 replies total, with up to 10 replies per thread. 1000,all,100 will get a maximum of 1000 comments, with a maximum of 100 replies total

formats: Change the types of formats to return. dashy (convert HTTP to DASH), duplicate (identical content but different URLs or protocol; includes dashy), incomplete (cannot be downloaded completely - live dash and post-live m3u8)

innertube_host: Innertube API host to use for all API requests; e.g. studio.youtube.com, youtubei.googleapis.com. Note that cookies exported from one subdomain will not work on others

innertube_key: Innertube API key to use for all API requests

raise_incomplete_data: Incomplete Data Received raises an error instead of reporting a warning

youtubetab (YouTube playlists, channels, feeds, etc.)

skip: One or more of webpage (skip initial webpage download), authcheck (allow the download of playlists requiring authentication when no initial webpage is downloaded. This may cause unwanted behavior, see #1122 for more details)

approximate_date: Extract approximate upload_date and timestamp in flat-playlist. This may cause date-based filters to be slightly off

generic

fragment_query: Passthrough any query in mpd/m3u8 manifest URLs to their fragments if no value is provided, or else apply the query string given as fragment_query=VALUE. Does not apply to ffmpeg

variant_query: Passthrough the master m3u8 URL query to its variant playlist URLs if no value is provided, or else apply the query string given as variant_query=VALUE

hls_key: An HLS AES-128 key URI or key (as hex), and optionally the IV (as hex), in the form of (URI|KEY)[,IV]; e.g. generic:hls_key=ABCDEF1234567980,0xFEDCBA0987654321. Passing any of these values will force usage of the native HLS downloader and override the corresponding values found in the m3u8 playlist

is_live: Bypass live HLS detection and manually set live_status - a value of false will set not_live, any other value (or no value) will set is_live

funimation

language: Audio languages to extract, e.g. funimation:language=english,japanese

version: The video version to extract - uncut or simulcast

crunchyrollbeta (Crunchyroll)

format: Which stream type(s) to extract (default: adaptive_hls). Potentially useful values include adaptive_hls, adaptive_dash, vo_adaptive_hls, vo_adaptive_dash, download_hls, download_dash, multitrack_adaptive_hls_v2

hardsub: Preference order for which hardsub versions to extract, or all (default: None = no hardsubs), e.g. crunchyrollbeta:hardsub=en-US,None

vikichannel

video_types: Types of videos to download - one or more of episodes, movies, clips, trailers

niconico

segment_duration: Segment duration in milliseconds for HLS-DMC formats. Use it at your own risk since this feature may result in your account termination.

youtubewebarchive

check_all: Try to check more at the cost of more requests. One or more of thumbnails, captures

gamejolt

comment_sort: hot (default), you (cookies needed), top, new - choose comment sorting mode (on GameJolt's side)

hotstar

res: resolution to ignore - one or more of sd, hd, fhd

vcodec: vcodec to ignore - one or more of h264, h265, dvh265

dr: dynamic range to ignore - one or more of sdr, hdr10, dv

niconicochannelplus

max_comments: Maximum number of comments to extract - default is 120

tiktok

api_hostname: Hostname to use for mobile API requests, e.g. api-h2.tiktokv.com

app_version: App version to call mobile APIs with - should be set along with manifest_app_version, e.g. 20.2.1

manifest_app_version: Numeric app version to call mobile APIs with, e.g. 221

rokfinchannel

tab: Which tab to download - one of new, top, videos, podcasts, streams, stacks

twitter

api: Select one of graphql (default), legacy or syndication as the API for tweet extraction. Has no effect if logged in

stacommu, wrestleuniverse

device_id: UUID value assigned by the website and used to enforce device limits for paid livestream content. Can be found in browser local storage

twitch

client_id: Client ID value to be sent with GraphQL requests, e.g. twitch:client_id=kimne78kx3ncx6brgo4mv6wki5h1ko

nhkradirulive (NHK らじる★らじる LIVE)

area: Which regional variation to extract. Valid areas are: sapporo, sendai, tokyo, nagoya, osaka, hiroshima, matsuyama, fukuoka. Defaults to tokyo

nflplusreplay

type: Type(s) of game replays to extract. Valid types are: full_game, full_game_spanish, condensed_game and all_22. You can use all to extract all available replay types, which is the default

jiosaavn

bitrate: Audio bitrates to request. One or more of 16, 32, 64, 128, 320. Default is 128,320

Note: These options may be changed/removed in the future without concern for backward compatibility

PLUGINS

Note that all plugins are imported even if not invoked, and that there are no checks performed on plugin code. Use plugins at your own risk and only if you trust the code!

Plugins can be of s extractor or postprocessor.

Extractor plugins do not need to be enabled from the CLI and are automatically invoked when the input URL is suitable for it.

Extractor plugins take priority over builtin extractors.

Postprocessor plugins can be invoked using --use-postprocessor NAME.

Plugins are loaded from the namespace packages yt_dlp_plugins.extractor and yt_dlp_plugins.postprocessor.

In other words, the file structure on the disk looks something like:

yt_dlp_plugins/

extractor/

myplugin.py

postprocessor/

myplugin.py

yt-dlp looks for these yt_dlp_plugins namespace folders in many locations (see below) and loads in plugins from all of them.

See the wiki for some known plugins

Installing Plugins

Plugins can be installed using various methods and locations.

Configuration directories:

Plugin packages (containing a yt_dlp_plugins namespace folder) can be dropped into the following standard configuration locations:

User Plugins

${XDG_CONFIG_HOME}/yt-dlp/plugins//yt_dlp_plugins/ (recommended on Linux/macOS)

${XDG_CONFIG_HOME}/yt-dlp-plugins//yt_dlp_plugins/

${APPDATA}/yt-dlp/plugins//yt_dlp_plugins/ (recommended on Windows)

${APPDATA}/yt-dlp-plugins//yt_dlp_plugins/

~/.yt-dlp/plugins//yt_dlp_plugins/

~/yt-dlp-plugins//yt_dlp_plugins/

System Plugins

/etc/yt-dlp/plugins//yt_dlp_plugins/

/etc/yt-dlp-plugins//yt_dlp_plugins/

Executable location: Plugin packages can similarly be installed in a yt-dlp-plugins directory under the executable location (recommended for portable installations):

Binary: where /yt-dlp.exe, /yt-dlp-plugins//yt_dlp_plugins/

Source: where /yt_dlp/__main__.py, /yt-dlp-plugins//yt_dlp_plugins/

pip and other locations in PYTHONPATH

Plugin packages can be installed and managed using pip. See yt-dlp-sample-plugins for an example.

Note: plugin files between plugin packages installed with pip must have unique filenames.

Any path in PYTHONPATH is searched in for the yt_dlp_plugins namespace folder.

Note: This does not apply for Pyinstaller/py2exe builds.

.zip, .egg and .whl archives containing a yt_dlp_plugins namespace folder in their root are also supported as plugin packages.

e.g. ${XDG_CONFIG_HOME}/yt-dlp/plugins/mypluginpkg.zip where mypluginpkg.zip contains yt_dlp_plugins//myplugin.py

Run yt-dlp with --verbose to check if the plugin has been loaded.

Developing Plugins

See the yt-dlp-sample-plugins repo for a template plugin package and the Plugin Development section of the wiki for a plugin development guide.

All public classes with a name ending in IE/PP are imported from each file for extractors and postprocessors repectively. This respects underscore prefix (e.g. _MyBasePluginIE is private) and __all__. Modules can similarly be excluded by prefixing the module name with an underscore (e.g. _myplugin.py).

To replace an existing extractor with a subclass of one, set the plugin_name class keyword argument (e.g. class MyPluginIE(ABuiltInIE, plugin_name='myplugin') will replace ABuiltInIE with MyPluginIE). Since the extractor replaces the parent, you should exclude the subclass extractor from being imported separately by making it private using one of the methods described above.

If you are a plugin author, add yt-dlp-plugins as a topic to your repository for discoverability.

See the Developer Instructions on how to write and test an extractor.

EMBEDDING YT-DLP

yt-dlp makes the best effort to be a good command-line program, and thus should be callable from any programming language.

Your program should avoid parsing the normal stdout since they may change in future versions. Instead they should use options such as -J, --print, --progress-template, --exec etc to create console output that you can reliably reproduce and parse.

From a Python program, you can embed yt-dlp in a more powerful fashion, like this:

from yt_dlp import YoutubeDL

URLS = ['https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BaW_jenozKc']

with YoutubeDL() as ydl:

ydl.download(URLS)

Most likely, you'll want to use various options. For a list of options available, have a look at yt_dlp/YoutubeDL.py or help(yt_dlp.YoutubeDL) in a Python shell. If you are already familiar with the CLI, you can use devscripts/cli_to_api.py to translate any CLI switches to YoutubeDL params.

Tip: If you are porting your code from youtube-dl to yt-dlp, one important point to look out for is that we do not guarantee the return value of YoutubeDL.extract_info to be json serializable, or even be a dictionary. It will be dictionary-like, but if you want to ensure it is a serializable dictionary, pass it through YoutubeDL.sanitize_info as shown in the example below

Embedding examples

Extracting information

import json

import yt_dlp

URL = 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BaW_jenozKc'

# ℹ️ See help(yt_dlp.YoutubeDL) for a list of available options and public functions

ydl_opts = {}

with yt_dlp.YoutubeDL(ydl_opts) as ydl:

info = ydl.extract_info(URL, download=False)

# ℹ️ ydl.sanitize_info makes the info json-serializable

print(json.dumps(ydl.sanitize_info(info)))

Download using an info-json

import yt_dlp

INFO_FILE = 'path/to/video.info.json'

with yt_dlp.YoutubeDL() as ydl:

error_code = ydl.download_with_info_file(INFO_FILE)

print('Some videos failed to download' if error_code

else 'All videos successfully downloaded')

Extract audio

import yt_dlp

URLS = ['https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BaW_jenozKc']

ydl_opts = {

'format': 'm4a/bestaudio/best',

# ℹ️ See help(yt_dlp.postprocessor) for a list of available Postprocessors and their arguments

'postprocessors': [{ # Extract audio using ffmpeg

'key': 'FFmpegExtractAudio',

'preferredcodec': 'm4a',

}]

}

with yt_dlp.YoutubeDL(ydl_opts) as ydl:

error_code = ydl.download(URLS)

Filter videos

import yt_dlp

URLS = ['https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BaW_jenozKc']

def longer_than_a_minute(info, *, incomplete):

"""Download only videos longer than a minute (or with unknown duration)"""

duration = info.get('duration')

if duration and duration < 60:

return 'The video is too short'

ydl_opts = {

'match_filter': longer_than_a_minute,

}

with yt_dlp.YoutubeDL(ydl_opts) as ydl:

error_code = ydl.download(URLS)

Adding logger and progress hook

import yt_dlp

URLS = ['https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BaW_jenozKc']

class MyLogger:

def debug(self, msg):

# For compatibility with youtube-dl, both debug and info are passed into debug

# You can distinguish them by the prefix '[debug] '

if msg.startswith('[debug] '):

pass

else:

self.info(msg)

def info(self, msg):

pass

def warning(self, msg):

pass

def error(self, msg):

print(msg)

# ℹ️ See "progress_hooks" in help(yt_dlp.YoutubeDL)

def my_hook(d):

if d['status'] == 'finished':

print('Done downloading, now post-processing ...')

ydl_opts = {

'logger': MyLogger(),

'progress_hooks': [my_hook],

}

with yt_dlp.YoutubeDL(ydl_opts) as ydl:

ydl.download(URLS)

Add a custom PostProcessor

import yt_dlp

URLS = ['https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BaW_jenozKc']

# ℹ️ See help(yt_dlp.postprocessor.PostProcessor)

class MyCustomPP(yt_dlp.postprocessor.PostProcessor):

def run(self, info):

self.to_screen('Doing stuff')

return [], info

with yt_dlp.YoutubeDL() as ydl:

# ℹ️ "when" can take any value in yt_dlp.utils.POSTPROCESS_WHEN

ydl.add_post_processor(MyCustomPP(), when='pre_process')

ydl.download(URLS)

Use a custom format selector

import yt_dlp

URLS = ['https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BaW_jenozKc']

def format_selector(ctx):

""" Select the best video and the best audio that won't result in an mkv.

NOTE: This is just an example and does not handle all cases """

# formats are already sorted worst to best

formats = ctx.get('formats')[::-1]

# acodec='none' means there is no audio

best_video = next(f for f in formats

if f['vcodec'] != 'none' and f['acodec'] == 'none')

# find compatible audio extension

audio_ext = {'mp4': 'm4a', 'webm': 'webm'}[best_video['ext']]

# vcodec='none' means there is no video

best_audio = next(f for f in formats if (

f['acodec'] != 'none' and f['vcodec'] == 'none' and f['ext'] == audio_ext))

# These are the minimum required fields for a merged format

yield {

'format_id': f'{best_video["format_id"]}+{best_audio["format_id"]}',

'ext': best_video['ext'],

'requested_formats': [best_video, best_audio],

# Must be + separated list of protocols

'protocol': f'{best_video["protocol"]}+{best_audio["protocol"]}'

}

ydl_opts = {

'format': format_selector,

}

with yt_dlp.YoutubeDL(ydl_opts) as ydl:

ydl.download(URLS)

DEPRECATED OPTIONS

These are all the deprecated options and the current alternative to achieve the same effect

Almost redundant options

While these options are almost the same as their new counterparts, there are some differences that prevents them being redundant

-j, --dump-json --print "%()j"

-F, --list-formats --print formats_table

--list-thumbnails --print thumbnails_table --print playlist:thumbnails_table

--list-subs --print automatic_captions_table --print subtitles_table

Redundant options

While these options are redundant, they are still expected to be used due to their ease of use

--get-description --print description

--get-duration --print duration_string

--get-filename --print filename

--get-format --print format

--get-id --print id

--get-thumbnail --print thumbnail

-e, --get-title --print title

-g, --get-url --print urls

--match-title REGEX --match-filter "title ~= (?i)REGEX"

--reject-title REGEX --match-filter "title !~= (?i)REGEX"

--min-views COUNT --match-filter "view_count >=? COUNT"

--max-views COUNT --match-filter "view_count <=? COUNT"

--break-on-reject Use --break-match-filter

--user-agent UA --add-header "User-Agent:UA"

--referer URL --add-header "Referer:URL"

--playlist-start NUMBER -I NUMBER:

--playlist-end NUMBER -I :NUMBER

--playlist-reverse -I ::-1

--no-playlist-reverse Default

--no-colors --color no_color

Not recommended

While these options still work, their use is not recommended since there are other alternatives to achieve the same

--force-generic-extractor --ies generic,default

--exec-before-download CMD --exec "before_dl:CMD"

--no-exec-before-download --no-exec

--all-formats -f all

--all-subs --sub-langs all --write-subs

--print-json -j --no-simulate

--autonumber-size NUMBER Use string formatting, e.g. %(autonumber)03d

--autonumber-start NUMBER Use internal field formatting like %(autonumber+NUMBER)s

--id -o "%(id)s.%(ext)s"

--metadata-from-title FORMAT --parse-metadata "%(title)s:FORMAT"

--hls-prefer-native --downloader "m3u8:native"

--hls-prefer-ffmpeg --downloader "m3u8:ffmpeg"

--list-formats-old --compat-options list-formats (Alias: --no-list-formats-as-table)

--list-formats-as-table --compat-options -list-formats [Default] (Alias: --no-list-formats-old)

--youtube-skip-dash-manifest --extractor-args "youtube:skip=dash" (Alias: --no-youtube-include-dash-manifest)

--youtube-skip-hls-manifest --extractor-args "youtube:skip=hls" (Alias: --no-youtube-include-hls-manifest)

--youtube-include-dash-manifest Default (Alias: --no-youtube-skip-dash-manifest)

--youtube-include-hls-manifest Default (Alias: --no-youtube-skip-hls-manifest)

--geo-bypass --xff "default"

--no-geo-bypass --xff "never"

--geo-bypass-country CODE --xff CODE

--geo-bypass-ip-block IP_BLOCK --xff IP_BLOCK

Developer options

These options are not intended to be used by the end-user

--test Download only part of video for testing extractors

--load-pages Load pages dumped by --write-pages

--youtube-print-sig-code For testing youtube signatures

--allow-unplayable-formats List unplayable formats also

--no-allow-unplayable-formats Default

Old aliases

These are aliases that are no longer documented for various reasons

--avconv-location --ffmpeg-location

--clean-infojson --clean-info-json

--cn-verification-proxy URL --geo-verification-proxy URL

--dump-headers --print-traffic

--dump-intermediate-pages --dump-pages

--force-write-download-archive --force-write-archive

--load-info --load-info-json

--no-clean-infojson --no-clean-info-json

--no-split-tracks --no-split-chapters

--no-write-srt --no-write-subs

--prefer-unsecure --prefer-insecure

--rate-limit RATE --limit-rate RATE

--split-tracks --split-chapters

--srt-lang LANGS --sub-langs LANGS

--trim-file-names LENGTH --trim-filenames LENGTH

--write-srt --write-subs

--yes-overwrites --force-overwrites

Sponskrub Options

Support for SponSkrub has been deprecated in favor of the --sponsorblock options

--sponskrub --sponsorblock-mark all

--no-sponskrub --no-sponsorblock

--sponskrub-cut --sponsorblock-remove all

--no-sponskrub-cut --sponsorblock-remove -all

--sponskrub-force Not applicable

--no-sponskrub-force Not applicable

--sponskrub-location Not applicable

--sponskrub-args Not applicable

No longer supported

These options may no longer work as intended

--prefer-avconv avconv is not officially supported by yt-dlp (Alias: --no-prefer-ffmpeg)

--prefer-ffmpeg Default (Alias: --no-prefer-avconv)

-C, --call-home Not implemented

--no-call-home Default

--include-ads No longer supported

--no-include-ads Default

--write-annotations No supported site has annotations now

--no-write-annotations Default

--compat-options seperate-video-versions No longer needed

Removed

These options were deprecated since 2014 and have now been entirely removed

-A, --auto-number -o "%(autonumber)s-%(id)s.%(ext)s"

-t, -l, --title, --literal -o "%(title)s-%(id)s.%(ext)s"

CONTRIBUTING

See CONTRIBUTING.md for instructions on Opening an Issue and Contributing code to the project

WIKI

See the Wiki for more information

About

A youtube-dl fork with additional features and fixes

discord.gg/H5MNcFW63r

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youtube-downloader

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+ 77 releases

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车友投稿：“暴躁山羊” 2022 YT Capra MK3开箱|山地车 - 美骑网|Biketo.com

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山地车

车友投稿：“暴躁山羊” 2022 YT Capra MK3开箱

2022-03-18 15:13:35

出处 : Biketo.com|美骑网

作者 : 寒静

点击 : 67463次

评论 : 7

近几年对于山地车的发展来说，是充满变数不断创新的几年。可变几何、混合轮径、现代几何等等的新趋势、新设计层出不穷。在不断的革新中，山地车的性能也在不断提升，性能更强、更加全能的Enduro和“新”Trail车型成为了消费者追捧的对象。Capra作为YT旗下当家的Enduro车型也在2021年得到了更新，不过由于疫情以及上下游供应链的影响，一直处于预售状态，直至2022年才逐步开始交货。虽历经波折，但在本周也总算是到了国内，本文笔者将为大家带来简短的图文开箱，后续评测也会在未来上线，敬请期待。和上一代Capra MK2相比，Capra MK3优化了V4L避震结构的相关特性、更新了几何设置、增加了可调几何模组、重新打磨了细节设计，并提供了MX混合轮径的279版本车型。以及终于拥有了水壶的“栖身之地”。本篇开箱车款为Capra 29 Core3，由于种种原因目前国内仅有该版本（已经全部售罄），顶配的Core4版本以及MX混合轮径版本短时间内也都不会出现在国内市场中。▲2021 YT Capra 29 MK2单从外观上看，Capra 29 MK3和上代车型，除了采用“单边设计”拥有水壶架安装位外，外观上的差别并不大。依旧使用YT的V4L避震结构，Capra家族式的设计语言。但事实上，也的确如此，此次的更新并不是革命性的改款，Capra 29 MK3比起上代车型的改变主要集中在了做了大量的优化和几何调整上。Capra 29 MK3的头管进行了重新的设计，采用了类似新款Trail Lizzo的头管设计。比起上代车型拥有更高的强度，同时优化了入线口角度，让线管可以更加流畅的“工作”。不过，和上代车型一样Capra 29 MK3上，YT依旧采用简单的橡胶塞固定线管，较为容易松动。全新设计的头管造型，过度延伸至上管。增加强度的同时拥有更好的造型，笔者个人表示非常喜欢这样“有棱有角”的设计语言。Capra 29 MK3在上管下部设置了拓展安装位，可以安装相关底座、附件等，以便可以随车携带备胎、工具等物品。笔者个人认为，这该是Trail和Enduro车型的标配，当然要是拥有Specialized SWAT那样的设计则更好。橙红色的涂装，秀色可餐。不过让笔者没有想到的是，在各家都在拼命赶工，漆水瑕疵飙升的情况下，YT的漆水却没有什么瑕疵。Capra 29 MK3对比上代车型，在外观上最大的改变便是采用了单边“加强筋”的设计，提供了可以容纳水壶的位置。上代的Capra缺少存放水壶的位置，让一众Capra车主苦不堪言，PinkBike上国外网友表示：“人类都能让飞行器登录火星了，却没能给Capra装上水壶。”可见水壶对于，现代山地车的重要性，一众车厂为了腾出位置安装水壶，改变设计的做法也屡见不鲜。水壶是有了，不过左侧拿取似乎对右撇子有些不太友好。Capra 29 MK3的单边设计，就是为了容纳水壶而设计的。YT作为一家德国车厂的严谨也在这体现的淋漓尽致。维持强度的同时，尽可能的为了存放和拿取水壶做了优化。像是偏心的水壶架安装位，匹配水壶的“单边加强筋”造型，原厂贴上的保护膜。Capra 29 MK3原厂就附带了水壶架和水壶，三者搭配严丝合缝。不过到底是YT为了拥有最好的效果，还是因为兼容性的问题不得已而为，目前尚未可知。可否安装别的水壶架相关的兼容性问题，笔者也会在未来的评测中告诉大家答案。V4L避震结构的Logo也“隐藏”在水壶后上方。Capra 29 MK3在连杆上增加了几何调整模块，通过正反装调节high、low模式。比起上代车架的设计Capra 29 MK3在两岸造型上也做了优化，连接更加流畅精密。为了配合“单边加强筋”的设计，Capra 29 MK3的后上叉也做了收窄加粗加宽的处理，以维持足够的使用强度。造型精致的车架设计总是养眼的。立管上的Capra标识和YT的Logo。和上代车型一样精致的出线口，希望在未来，YT的入线口也能更加精致。YT细心的为立管配备了防尘套，这可以有效减少泥沙的进入。笔者自己的TR因为进了泥沙一直异响，以至于笔者花了两天才排除了异响。精致的护链贴和“离家出走”的入线塞。Capra 29 MK3的护链贴非常棒，防护面积非常广，几乎涵盖了所有的可能磕碰的区域，并做了“静音”设计。希望别的厂家也能跟进推出这样的设计。覆盖了保护膜的后下叉。直装180mm碟片的碟刹安装座。正如前文所说，Capra 29 MK3最为主要的优化集中在几何上。它比上一代的 MK2重心更低、reach等数据更长、头管角度更倾斜。以本文开箱的L码车架为例，其reach值增加了7mm，为467mm，BB下降至349mm，头管角度也变为64.2°。此外，Capra MK3的后叉长度并不固定，不同尺码的车架所使用的后叉长度也不相同。S、M 和 L 尺码的车架后叉长度为 438 mm，而 XL 和 XXL 的车架后叉长度则增加到 443 mm。同时Capra 29 MK3安装有可调几何的模组，可以通过翻转片来调节。high模式和low模式会带来5mm的BB高度差，并会改变0.3°头管角度和座管角度。除去几何更具侵略性之外，Capra 29 MK3的V4L避震结构的相关特性也得到了优化，笔者在此不做过多赘述了，详细内容会在评测篇中结合实际骑乘体验阐述。那么在文章的最后，我们来看一下具体的配置。Capra MK3不论29还是MX279混合轮径的版本都只提供两款常规市售整车，分别是售价4499美元中高配的Core3和售价5999美元顶配的Core4。YT提供了两种级别的碳纤维车架给这两款配置的整车，分别是Core 3使用的High Modulus车架，以及Core4使用的Ultra Modulus顶级车架。Core 3搭配了拥有顶级阻尼的FOX Float Performance Elite 38前叉。除了内管图层FOX Float Performance Elite 38与顶级版本无异。最新的Float X Performance Elite避震▲后避震同样为顶级阻尼▲Crankbrothers成品轮组▲SRAM Code R刹车▲SRAM Gx Eagle传动系统▲E13把组Core4拥有更高级别的车架，以及顶级的配置。FOX Factory级别的避震、搭配i9花鼓的Crankbrothers轮组、SRAM Code RSC刹车、XO1 Eagle 12速传动系统和Renthal把组。从改进的相关设计以及相应数据来看，YT Capra MK3将会是一台激进、充满进攻性的全能Enduro。评测篇将会在不久上线，敬请期待。责任编辑：CC

（如需转载，请注明出处并保留图片水印。）

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林道好伙伴：外媒测评YT Jeffsy v3.0山地车

2023-12-13 17:25:52

出处 : bikerumor.

作者 : Cory Benson

点击 : 12723次

评论 : 3

在这个自行车几何越来越宽松、技术越来越进步、避震行程越来越长的时代，新的第三代Jeffsy却逆流而上，将避震行程缩短了一点，打造出了一辆更加精致的越野自行车，比以往任何时候都更适合全面的越野骑行。在Jeffsy正式发布之前，我有幸在英国的几种不同类型的湿地上骑行了YT的顶级高模碳纤维越野自行车Jeffsy Core 5 CF。据称这款自行车的重量仅为14.8公斤（32.6磅），让我在骑行中感受到了极致的速度与控制。在湿地上骑行的过程中，我深刻感受到了这款自行车的卓越性能和精良工艺。它不仅轻盈，而且具有出色的稳定性和操控性，让我在各种路况下都能游刃有余。这几乎就是现代山地车手们所追求的“一车在手，天下我有”的理想境界。然而，在我离开时，一个问题一直萦绕在我的脑海中：我是要拥有一辆高档碳纤维自行车，还是一辆超级实惠的铝合金车架自行车？这让我陷入了纠结。毕竟，碳纤维自行车拥有出色的性能和精良的工艺，但价格相对较高；而铝合金车架自行车则更加实惠，但性能可能不如碳纤维自行车。YT对于越野自行车的理解，无疑是深刻的。如果您并非专业的越野赛或马拉松自行车赛选手，那么一辆超轻的XC自行车可能并不必要。同样，若不经常参加耐力赛，长行程的耐力自行车也并非必需。而介于两者之间的山地自行车，才是最适合我们的选择。那么，这款新推出的Jeffsy究竟有何新意呢？虽然这款第三代Jeffsy的避震行程比第二代减少了五毫米，但它的设计者们通过两种独特的方式巧妙地弥补了这一微小的差距。首先，这款越野自行车的几何形状进行了精心的调整。车架长度增加了五毫米，前叉角度也调整为65°。而Jeffsy的其他几何形状基本保持不变，骑行者们仍然可以通过使用便捷的避震调节器来根据自己的喜好和骑行习惯调整自行车的设定。经过这样的改进，当您在崎岖不平的山路上驰骋时，会发现这款自行车表现得更加稳定，并且能够轻松应对各种坡道和下坡路段。其次，YT的V4L避震结构经过了大幅的升级和改造。连杆部分经过了精心的微调，使得在整个冲击行程中，避震的表现有了显著的提升。在行程的最初阶段，避震表现得非常柔软，给人一种舒适的感觉。然而，当行程达到30%时，它突然变得坚硬许多，为骑行者提供了稳固的支撑感。接着，抗下沉迅速减少，使得自行车在行程中以最小的踏板反冲移动。最后，后行程稍微增加了一点，仿佛在告诉您，还有一点行程留待更大的冲击。经过这些改进，这款自行车给人一种仿佛踩在赛道上的感觉，能够平稳地越过小的颠簸，轻松地踩踏板，准备好迎接更大的冲击。这是一种充满活力的骑行感觉，让人几乎忘了后面还有那么多的避震行程。我个人认为，稍微缩短的行程更适合150mm前叉。随着现代山地自行车几何形状的不断改进和性能的提升，很容易就会超过相同行程的前叉所能承受的范围。如果新款Jeffsy在这些改进的基础上保持150mm的后轮行程，那么可能需要至少160mm的前叉，甚至可能需要更大的支柱。这将使它更接近YT的耐力自行车。如果您真的需要一辆耐力自行车，那么为什么不直接购买一辆Capra呢？新细节，新体验话说回来，我们不能忽略Jeffsy新添加了一个内置储物空间的事实。如今，车架内置储物空间在自行车界正逐渐流行起来，YT的新款Jeffsy也紧跟潮流，让人眼前一亮。我个人喜欢在越野自行车上捆绑一些多用途工具吐痔ノ薇讣，这样我就可以轻装上阵，全身心地享受骑行的乐趣。所以，在我看来，车架内置的储物空间无疑是一个非常实用的补充�更短的避震行程，更多的越野能力，更多的乐趣初看之下，YT新款的Jeffsy与旧款貌似变化不大，然而仔细观察，却能发现不小的改动。Jeffsy一直以来都是YT家族中的佼佼者，它以独特的性能和均衡的配置，驰骋在群山之间。它既具备短行程山地自行车的敏捷，又拥有长行程山地自行车的稳定性。然而现在，YT赋予了Jeffsy新的生命力。与其说这是关于Jeffsy本身的变化，不如说是关于我们如今如何骑越野自行车，以及现代山地自行车的潜能。随着越来越多的山地自行车骑行者挑战技术性更强的越野赛道，越野自行车已经顺应潮流，升级换代。为了简化产品线，新版Jeffsy仅采用了29英寸轮径的车型。与此同时，后轮避震行程被轻微调整为145毫米，相比第二代29英寸车型的150毫米甚至27.5英寸车型的160毫米，这一调整显得十分微妙。新款自行车配备了150毫米行程前叉，这使得它在YT的产品线中，介于130毫米行程的Izzo和170毫米行程的Capra耐力自行车之间，显得更加符合逻辑。尽管行程略有减少，YT对其V4L四连杆避震结构进行了精妙改进。经过改进的支持系统极大地提高了在平坦地面和爬坡时的踏板效率，同时又确保了自行车在小颠簸情况下依然保持流畅、稳健。在行程后期，增加的末端行程使避震效果更为彻底。即使后避震行程减少了五毫米，依然能提供更为稳定、有力的支撑感。更趋现代化的车架几何全新的Jeffsy车架几何也经过了精细的改良，以更好地配合避震结构的调整。后倾角度减小，车架Reach加长5毫米，搭配行程略微缩短，骑行速度相应提高。虽然座椅角度、车架Stack、BB落差以及特定尺寸的链条长度基本保持不变，但骑行体验却依旧原汁原味。车架上依旧具备倒装芯片设计，可以快速轻松地调整自行车的几何形状，以适应您独特的越野骑行风格。新款Jeffsy仍旧在仅在顶配的Core5车型上使用尖端的超高级别高模量碳纤维材料，而其他碳纤维车型则采用常规的高模量碳纤维。同时，为了确保入门级价格亲民，还特别推出了一款铝合金车架。无论是碳纤维版本还是铝合金，都拥有相同的几何形状，并标配UDH后拨吊耳，以适应各种传动系统或变速器。新款Jeffsy在顶级车型上增添了一个巧妙的内部储物空间。这个储物空间巧妙地安置在下管，但与水壶架分开，以确保安全。YT对细节的关注令人赞叹。他们在盒子的盖子上设计了一种安全锁和双层密封，以确保其紧固、防水。盒子内部，几个氯丁橡胶袋提供了充足的工具和备件存储空间，同时还能保证所有物品不发出噪音。车架下方还预留了用于安装新型侧开水壶架，可以容纳620毫升的水壶，以便随时补充水分。此外，车架上管下方新增的外部存储安装位可以轻松安装外挂储物包，以便随时取用。不过说到那个水壶架，为什么标配的的水壶架出口在左边呢？如果我习惯左手扶着车把用右手从自行车上拔出水壶呢？原来，YT之所以这样做，是为了让他们在车架上把水壶放到最低。因此，它需要一个左出口的设计，以使您拿水壶时的手远离牙盘，特别是在踩踏板的时候。我必须承认的是，在我的测试自行车上，它比我自己的山地自行车上要低一些。可能我需要更加灵活一点才能适应它。技术细节，细说分明新款Jeffsy略微调整了内部走线的布局，依旧延续了YT家族独特的头管设计，线条分明，同时又不失低调美感。这款自行车在后下管下方采用了新颖的车架保护装置，该装置不仅包裹在座管和后下管周围，还特别位于车架外侧。后下管保护装置配有泡沫背衬，确保骑行时安静无声，并切实保护碳纤维车架免受岩石撞击的损伤。价格与选择，多样且灵活YT将新款Jeffsy定位为从入门级山地自行车到硬核越野车骑手的终极山地自行车。因此，他们提供了2种合金和3种碳纤维型号，价格范围广泛，以适应各种预算。所有尺寸范围（S-XXL）均可调节几何形状，以满足不同骑行者的需求。铝合金Jeffsy，入门之选新款YT JeffsyCore1 AL，以2800美元或2500欧元的售价，实实在在是入门级产品的明智之选。它搭载了SRAM SX/NX Eagle混合变速和RockShox Lyrik Base/Deluxe Select+Drip Yellow避震，为骑行者带来流畅与稳定的骑行体验。Jeffsy Core2 AL则是一款配置出色的铝合金车型，这款车的售价为3300美元或3000欧元，其配置足以让人眼前一亮。它配备了SRAMGX机械变速套件、CodeR刹车、Fox36/FloatXPerformancetier后避震以及DT M1900轮组，每一个细节都体现了它的精工与品质。碳纤维Jeffsy，轻盈与性能的融合Jeffsy Core 3 CF，以4300美元或4000欧元的价位，实现了从铝合金到碳纤维的飞跃。此款自行车与顶级合金车型的规格相媲美。然而，升级至碳纤维车架需要额外支付1000美元。然后，售价为5500美元或5000欧元的Jeffsy Core 4 CF，配备了SRAM GX AXS无线电变、RockShox Lyrik Super Deluxe Ultimate避震、Code RSC刹车以及Crankbrothers EN2铝合金轮组，深红色的涂装使其在群芳中独树一帜。最后，顶级YT Jeffsy Core5 CF以6500美元或6000欧元的价位，展示了SRAM X0 AXS无线电变、FoxFactory避震、Code RS CHS2刹车以及Crankbrothers EN3轮组的强大实力。太空蓝的外观，使其成为众星捧月的焦点。所有规格级别都搭载了备受信赖的MaxxisMinionDHF/DHR真空胎，搭配EXO+外壳与YT PostmanV2升降座管。对于钟情于精致的朋友们，还提供BlackMagic涂装供您选择。总结YT Jeffsy这款高端超高性能碳纤维自行车，给人一种非常独特的感觉。但是，价格确实让人有些犹豫，高达6500美元或6000欧元的售价并不是每个人都能轻松负担的。不过，它的优点实在太多，让人忍不住为之倾心。不仅配备了新型直接安装式SRAM X0 AXS无线变速器，Fox Factory级别的避震，还有带90PO EIndustry Nine花鼓的Crankbrothers Synthesis Enduro轮组，无一不彰显它的高端品质。如果因为价格原因，您无法拥有这款全能碳纤维自行车，我个人会推荐售价3300美元或3000欧元的Jeffsy Core 2 AL。这款铝合金山地车的价格仅为碳纤维版本的一半，但仍然配备了一个性能出色的套件，而且颜色选择上也十分诱人。新款YT Jeffsy比以往任何时候都更加精致。在平地和上坡时骑行感觉更轻快，保留了速降车灵魂的同时，也展现了出色的性能。它更像是一辆日常山地自行车，但下坡时骑行仍然是最有趣的，给人带来无与伦比的体验。责任编辑：Ting

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PRIMEMatrix栏目Pi Store更多无需申请，自由写作任何用户都可使用写作功能。成功发布 3 篇符合基本规则的内容，可成为正式作者。了解更多退出登录反馈PRIMEMatrix栏目Pi Store更多曲径通幽曲径通幽用快捷指令下载 YouTube 视频的纯文字字幕 PlatyHsu 2022 年 08 月 10 日视频如今已经成为获取信息的重要渠道，YouTube 上大量科普和教学视频也是优质的学习资源。但在观看这些视频的同时，怎样将其中的信息记录下来是个问题。实际上，YouTube 会自动为大多数视频生成字幕，并提供各种语言的翻译版本；有些比较用心的播主还会手动编制字幕并上传。以这些字幕为基础，很容易就能整理出完整的笔记。为此，可以用快捷指令给开源下载工具 yt-dlp 做一个图形界面的包装，从而更方便直观地完成字幕下载操作。视频如今已经成为获取信息的重要渠道，YouTube 上大量科普和教学视频也是优质的学习资源。但在观看这些视频的同时，怎样将其中的信息记录下来是个问题。实际上，YouTube 会自动为大多数视频生成字幕，并提供各种语言的翻译版本；有些比较用心的播主还会手动编制字幕并上传。以这些字幕为基础，很容易就能整理出完整的笔记。为此，可以用快捷指令给开源下载工具 yt-dlp 做一个图形界面的包装，从而更方便直观地完成字幕下载操作。会员专属文章，欢迎加入少数派会员。立即加入优质内容权益周边会员社群 power+ 已是会员？请登录了解更多相关阅读评论区精彩评论0 成为少数派会员方可评论，立即加入。若已是少数派会员，点击登录。还没有评论，来发表第一个评论吧阅读信息全文字数 3091字阅读本文共需 5分钟字号选择小中大作者 PlatyHsu (putative) librarian, archivist, & typist 关注作者精彩评论还没有评论，来发表第一个评论吧成为少数派会员方可评论，立即加入。若已是少数派会员，点击登录。会员新功能内容侧边栏点击这里拉开侧边栏，即可查看会员内容列表，快速切换内容。我知道了关注公众号 sspaime 下载 App 联系我们商务合作关于我们用户协议常见问题 © 2013-2024 少数派 | 粤ICP备09128966号-4 | 粤B2-20211534© 2013-2024 少数派粤ICP备09128966号-4 | 粤B2-20211534 确定

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请问YG YT YW这些类型刀具的用途怎样区别？ - 知乎首页知乎知学堂发现等你来答切换模式登录/注册数字控制数控系统数控机床数控车数控刀具请问YG YT YW这些类型刀具的用途怎样区别？老师简单提了下，希望有较深和更广的解答，谢谢！关注者4被浏览7,486关注问题写回答邀请回答好问题添加评论分享1 个回答默认排序刘飒机械工程师，销售，FIFA足球游戏痴迷玩家关注YG加工铸铁、YT加工钢件，YW一般加工不锈钢钨钴类硬质合金（YG）主要成分是碳化钨（WC）和粘结剂钴（Co）。其牌号是由“YG”（“硬、钴”两字汉语拼音字首）和平均含钴量的百分数组成。例如，YG8，表示平均WCo=8%，其余为碳化钨的钨钴类硬质合金。钨钛钴类硬质合金（YT）主要成分是碳化钨、碳化钛（TiC）及钴。其牌号由“YT”（“硬、钛”两字汉语拼音字首）和碳化钛平均含量组成。例如，YT15，表示平均TiC=15%，其余为碳化钨和钴含量的钨钛钴类硬质合金。钨钛钽类硬质合金（YW）主要成分是碳化钨、碳化钛、碳化钽（或碳化铌）及钴。这类硬质合金又称通用硬质合金或万能硬质合金。其牌号由“YW”（“硬”、“万”两字汉语拼音字首）加顺序号组成，如 YW1。编辑于 2017-10-30 12:45赞同 71 条评论分享收藏喜欢收起写回答1 个回答被折叠（为什

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培养大肠杆菌除了LB培养基，还有什么其他的培养基吗？ - 知乎

培养大肠杆菌除了LB培养基，还有什么其他的培养基吗？ - 知乎首页知乎知学堂发现等你来答切换模式登录/注册分子生物学发酵生物技术生物培养大肠杆菌除了LB培养基，还有什么其他的培养基吗？如题关注者21被浏览166,997关注问题写回答邀请回答好问题2 条评论分享6 个回答默认排序知乎用户这个问题真的不是特意提问我的吗？之前写过的一篇文章，如下，应该会完美的回答这个问题，如果不完美，你咬我？培养大肠用什么培养基？只知道LB你就out了Posted on 2016-01-31 by Ryan Yu大肠杆菌（Escherichia coli，E.coli）是与我们人类关系最为密切的细菌之一，是人和动物肠道中的正常栖居菌，婴儿出生后即随哺乳进入肠道，与人终身相伴，几乎占粪便干重的1/3。大肠杆菌同时也是生物技术领域应用最为广泛的细菌之一。大肠杆菌因遗传背景清楚、载体受体系统完备、生长迅速、培养简单、重组子稳定等优点广泛被应用于基因工程领域。很多分子生物学家都是从制备大肠杆菌感受态细胞，从大肠内提取质粒这些基础实验开始的。培养基，细胞的食物。培养大肠杆菌最常见的培养基是什么？LB培养基，很多人可以脱口而出。那么还有没有其他的培养基能够用来培养大肠杆菌呢。事实上为了达到不同的目的（高密度，节省成本等），除了LB培养基之外，还有很多种在实验室或者工业中应用的培养基。小编将在这篇文章中总结介绍一些用来在实验室及工业中培养大肠杆菌的培养基。LB培养基依原则，BioEngX文章中首次出现的英文缩写一定会将英文全拼写给出的。但是LB却是个例外。很多人都知道LB培养基，但LB代表的什么意思，很多人并不清楚。LB是两个字母的首字母，这是肯定的。但是是哪两个英文单词呢。有人说是Luria Broth，也有人说是 Lennx Broth, 还有人说是Luria Bertain的。事实上，LB最初的配方是由Giuseppe Bertain在1951年发表的。Bertain表示LB是用来替代Lysogeny Broth这两个单词的 [1]。当然LB两个字母代替什么远没有LB的配方重要。LB培养基的配方你记得吗？不记得再看一遍。10 g 胰蛋白胨（tryptone）；5 g 酵母提取物（yeast extract）；10 g 氯化钠（sodium chloride）溶解于 1 L水中。LB培养基非常容易制备，能够允许大肠杆菌在摇瓶中，正常培养条件下（250 rpm）生长到OD600 2-3左右。SOB（Super Optimal Broth）培养基SOB培养基是另一种富营养培养基。与LB培养基相比，SOB培养基中含有两倍多蛋白胨，蛋白胨中富含氨基酸及多肽。另外，SOB培养基中含有镁离子，镁离子是高密度培养必须的离子。利用SOB培养基培养大肠杆菌在普通条件（250rpm）下摇瓶培养，菌浓可达到OD600 3-5左右，如果提高转速到350 rpm， OD600最高能够达到10-15。在SOB培养基中的大肠杆菌具有更高的转化效率，因此常用SOB培养基制备感受态细胞。SOB培养基的配方如下：

2 % 胰蛋白胨, 0.5 % 酵母提取物, 10 mM NaCl, 2.5 mM KCl, 10 mM MgCl2 , 10 mM MgSO4

注：%表示质量体积分数，2 %即 100 mL水包括2 g 固体SOC（Super Optimal broth with Catabolite repression）培养基SOC培养基跟SOB培养基的唯一区别是SOC中包含有20 mM葡萄糖（glucose）。培养基中的葡萄糖充当分解代谢抑制物（catabolite repressor）。大肠杆菌更倾向应用葡萄糖作为碳源。因此在葡萄糖存在的情况下，其他的碳源的分解就会被抑制。在20 mM 葡萄糖存在下，乳糖不会被代谢，乳糖操纵子被抑制，外源基因不会发生表达，这就减少了外源基因表达给细胞带来的生长压力。因此，利用SOC培养基进行转化反应时，热激后细胞生长的速率会比LB培养基中高出很多。当实验室中没有储存SOC培养基时，在LB中加入20 mM葡萄糖，效果是一样的。SOC培养基配方如下：

2 % 胰蛋白胨, 0.5 % 酵母提取物, 10 mM NaCl, 2.5 mM KCl, 10 mM MgCl2 , 10 mM MgSO4， 20 mM葡萄糖2x YT 培养基2x YT培养基是比LB培养基营养更为丰富的培养基。与LB培养基成分相比， 2x YT培养基中包含有更多的的酵母提取物和胰蛋白胨。因为培养基中营养更丰富了，细胞能够生长更长的时间，浓度达到更高的值。2x YT培养基主要用来进行大肠杆菌以及像是M13这样的细菌噬菌体的培养。由于大肠杆菌的浓度很高，在生产大量的噬菌体的同时，宿主仍然是存活的。2x YT培养基的配方如下：

1.6 %胰蛋白胨, 1 % 酵母提取物, 0.5% NaClTB（Terrific Broth）培养基TB 培养基是添加了磷酸盐的复合型培养基。跟LB培养基相比，TB培养基中除了多出20 %的胰蛋白胨和380 %的酵母提取物以外，还多了 0.4 % 的甘油作为额外的碳源。所有这些元素能够支持大肠杆菌在正常的摇瓶培养条件下生长到 OD600 5 – 8。 TB培养基通常用于实验室规模的蛋白质表达和质粒提取。TB培养基配方如下：

2 % 胰蛋白胨, 2.4 % 酵母提取物, 72 mM K2HPO4, 17 mM KH2PO4, 0.4 % glycerolSB （Super Broth）培养基与LB培养基相比，SB培养基成分中多出了220%的胰蛋白胨和380%的酵母提取物。因此SB培养基富含超多量的胰蛋白胨和酵母提取物。据估计蛋白胨和酵母提取物中包含的主要营养元素远远超过细胞生长达到饱和时所需的量。SB培养基主要用于质粒以及蛋白质的提取。SB培养基配方如下：

3.2% 胰蛋白胨, 2%酵母提取物, 0.5% NaClReference:【1】Bertani, G. (1951). Studies on lysogenesis. I. The mode of phage liberation by lysogenic Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 62:293-300.内容由BioEngX原创，转载请注明！原文在此培养大肠用什么培养基？只知道LB你就out了 | BioEngX生化工程实验室发布于 2017-03-28 00:24赞同 9416 条评论分享收藏喜欢收起知乎用户Commonly used bacterial E.coli growth media常见的大肠杆菌培养基LB (Luria Bertani) Miller broth (1%NaCl)LB Miller肉汤培养基: 1% peptone, 0.5% yeast extract, and 1% NaClLB (Luria Bertani) Lennox Broth (0.5% NaCl) Lennox肉汤培养基: 1% peptone, 0.5% yeast extract, and 0.5% NaClSOB medium (Super Optimal Broth): 2% peptone, 0.5% Yeast extract, 10mM NaCl, 2.5mM KCl, 10mM MgCl2 , 10mM MgSO4SOC medium (Super Optimal broth with Catabolic repressor): SOB + 20mM glucose2x YT broth (2x Yeast extract and Tryptone): 1.6% peptone, 1% yeast extra6ct, and 0.5% NaClTB (Terrific Broth) medium: 1.2% peptone, 2.4% yeast extract, 72 mM K2HPO4, 17 mM KH2PO4 and 0.4% glycerolSB (Super Broth) medium: 3.2% peptone, 2% yeast extract, and 0.5% NaCl编辑于 2016-03-16 10:32赞同 15添加评论分享收藏喜欢

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