im以太坊钱包下载|musketeer

作者： im以太坊钱包下载

2024-03-13 06:06:29

Musketeer - Wikipedia

Jump to content

Main menu

move to sidebar

hide

Navigation

Main pageContentsCurrent eventsRandom articleAbout WikipediaContact usDonate

Contribute

HelpLearn to editCommunity portalRecent changesUpload file

Create account

Personal tools

Create account Log in

Pages for logged out editors learn more

ContributionsTalk

Contents

move to sidebar

hide

(Top)

1Asia

Toggle Asia subsection

1.1Han East Asia

1.2Indian Sub-continent

2Europe

Toggle Europe subsection

2.1Spain

2.2France

2.3Sweden

2.4Britain

3Eurasia

Toggle Eurasia subsection

3.1Ottoman Empire

3.2Russia

4Africa

5See also

6Gallery

7References

8Sources

Toggle the table of contents

Musketeer

42 languages

العربيةAzərbaycancaБеларускаяБългарскиBrezhonegCatalàČeštinaCymraegDanskDeutschEestiEspañolEuskaraفارسیFrançais한국어Bahasa IndonesiaItalianoעבריתქართულიҚазақшаLatviešuMagyarМакедонскиमराठीNederlands日本語Norsk bokmålPolskiPortuguêsRomânăРусскийShqipSlovenščinaСрпски / srpskiSvenskaதமிழ்ไทยTürkçeУкраїнськаTiếng Việt中文

Edit links

ArticleTalk

English

ReadEditView history

Tools

move to sidebar

hide

Actions

ReadEditView history

General

What links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationCite this pageGet shortened URLDownload QR codeWikidata item

Print/export

Download as PDFPrintable version

In other projects

Wikimedia Commons

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Type of soldier equipped with a musket

For other uses of this term, see Musketeer (disambiguation).

A Dutch musketeer, holding a musket; painting by Jacob van Gheyn in 1608

A musketeer (French: mousquetaire) was a type of soldier equipped with a musket. Musketeers were an important part of early modern warfare, particularly in Europe, as they normally comprised the majority of their infantry. The musketeer was a precursor to the rifleman. Muskets were replaced by breech loading rifles as the almost universal firearm for modern armies during the period 1850 to 1870. The traditional designation of "musketeer" for an infantry private survived in the Imperial German Army until World War I.

Asia[edit]

Ming gunman using multi barreled repeating firearm

Musketeers in China from the Ming dynasty.

Han East Asia[edit]

The hand cannon was invented in Song Dynasty China in the 12th century and was in widespread use there in the 13th century. It spread westward across Asia during the 14th century. Arquebusiers and musketeers were employed in the armies of the Ming (1368–1644)[1] and Qing dynasties (1644–1911). Zhao Shizhen's book of 1598 AD, the Shenqipu, contains illustrations of Ottoman Turkish and European musketeers together with detailed diagrams of their muskets.[2] There was also an illustration and description of how the Han people had adopted the Ottoman kneeling position when firing, while favoring the use of European-made muskets.[3] The Han people also built the first repeating firearm: several barrels behind a small wooden shield. The gunman would turn these barrels lighting each barrel with a slow match one by one. These weapons were most effective when fired from walls or high positions. Needham considered this weapon to be a "primitive machine-gun".[4][5][6]

Indian Sub-continent[edit]

A painting of a Mughal infantryman.Muskets were first introduced in Central-Asia under the Timurid dynasty, being used by the first Mughal emperor Babur in the first Battle of Panipat 1526 CE. The weapon became an integral part of Indian warfare from the 16th century onward, mainly from the reign of the Mughal emperor Akbar. It was used as an effective defense against war elephants. The Mughals, Marathas, Rajputs, Sikhs and Ahoms made use of musketeers, firing from cover, to ambush opposing infantry, cavalry and elephants. Many Indian gunsmiths created matchlock muskets for the Mughal infantry[7] plus some combination weapons.

Europe[edit]

Spain[edit]

A tercio musketeer c. 1650

In the Spanish army, the tercio or the Spanish square was a mixed infantry formation that theoretically could number up to 3,000 pikemen, swordsmen and musketeers; although it was usually much smaller on the battlefield. It was effective in its era, capitalizing on the close-quarter impact of the pike combined with the long-range projectile capabilities of the musket. It resembled a loosely formed phalanx in function, but was far more flexible and deadly. Musketeers were developed by the Spanish during the Italian Wars so as to deal with the heavily armored French Gendarmes. An arquebus was not powerful enough to take down an armored knight, but a wall gun was. Spanish field commanders wanted to bring the firepower of a small wall gun onto the battlefield yet have it be as maneuverable as an arquebus. The solution was a bigger arquebus, but the additional weight made it extremely difficult to support the barrel during aiming and firing; hence, the musket rest, the precursor to the monopod.[8] Furthermore, musketeers were the first infantry to give up armor entirely.[9] Other than the musket rest, the musketeer's equipage was upgraded from a powder flask to a bandolier. Due to the difficulty in manipulating the musket rest and the strength needed to handle the heavier gun, musketeers were stronger men and paid more than the rest of the infantry.[10]

France[edit]

Uniforms of Musketeers of the Guard, 1660–1814

The Musketeers of the Guard were a junior unit, initially of roughly company strength, of the military branch of the Royal Household. They were created in 1622 when Louis XIII furnished a company of light cavalry (the "carabiniers", created by Louis' father Henry IV) with muskets. Musketeers fought in battle both on foot as infantry and on horseback as dragoons.[11] At the Battle of Fontenoy in 1745 the King's Musketeers served as regular cavalry, charging British infantry with drawn swords.

As one of the junior units in the Royal Guard, the Musketeers were not closely linked to the royal family. Traditional bodyguard duties were in fact performed by the Garde du Corps and the Cent-suisses. Because of its later establishment, the Musketeers were open to the lower classes of French nobility or younger sons from noble families whose oldest sons served in the more prestigious Garde du Corps and Chevau-legers (Light Horse). The Musketeers, many of them still teenagers, soon gained a reputation for fighting spirit and unruly behaviour.[12]

Their high esprit de corps gained royal favor for the Musketeers, and they were frequently seen at court and in Paris. Shortly after their creation, Cardinal Richelieu created a bodyguard unit for himself. So as not to offend the king with a perceived sense of self-importance, Richelieu did not name them Garde du Corps like the king's personal guards, but rather Musketeers after the Kings' junior guard cavalry. This was the start of a bitter rivalry between the two corps of Musketeers. At the cardinal's death in 1642, the company passed to his successor Cardinal Mazarin. At Mazarin's death in 1661, the cardinal's Musketeers passed to Louis XIV, to the disgust of both the King's Musketeers and the Cardinal's Musketeers. The Musketeers were subsequently reorganized as a guard cavalry regiment of two companies. The King's Musketeers became the first company, popularly known as "Grey Musketeers" (mousquetaires gris), while the Cardinal's Musketeers became the second company, known as "Black Musketeers" (mousquetaires noirs) for riding grey and black horses, respectively. From their establishment, the musketeers wore blue cloak-like cassocks, lined with red and edged with silver embroidery. From 1688, the cassocks were replaced by smaller soubrevestes or sleeveless coats in the same colours. In the early decades of the corps, the musketeers had worn civilian dress under their cassocks, according to personal taste and means, but in 1677 a scarlet uniform was adopted.[13]

D'Artagnan's monument in Paris

In terms of recruitment, entry into the Musketeers was much sought after by those sons of the aristocracy who did not possess the quarterings of nobility required for the Garde du Corps and Chevau-legers.[14] These two senior guard units were closed to all but the highest ranking and wealthy noble families. Accordingly for lesser gentry, or ambitious commoners, service in the Musketeers was the only way to join a mounted unit in the royal household and perhaps catch the King's eye. However, enlistment did require both letters of recommendation and evidence that a recruit had the family means to support the costs of service. These included the provision of horses, swords, clothing, a servant and equipment. Only the musket, the sleeveless soubreveste and the distinctive blue cassock were provided by the monarch.[15]

In 1776, the Musketeers were disbanded by Louis XVI for budgetary reasons. Following the first Bourbon Restoration, the Musketeers were reestablished on 6 July 1814 along with the other military units of the former royal household. These expensive and aristocratic regiments proved ineffective when Napoleon returned from Elba, mostly dispersing, though some accompanied Louis XVIII into brief exile. Following the second restoration of the monarchy, the Musketeers were finally disbanded on 31 December 1815.[16]

Decades later, starting in 1844, this group was the subject of the now-famous serial publication The Three Musketeers, first published in the magazine Le Siècle between March and July 1844. The author, Alexandre Dumas, père, based his work on the book Mémoires de Monsieur d'Artagnan, capitaine lieutenant de la première compagnie des Mousquetaires du Roi (Memoirs of Mister d'Artagnan, lieutenant captain of the first company of the King's Musketeers) by Gatien de Courtilz de Sandras (Cologne, 1700),[17] a fictionalized account of the life of Charles de Batz de Castelmore d'Artagnan (c. 1611–1673). Other musketeers served as inspirations for some of the other characters. Isaac de Porthau (1617–1712) was the inspiration for Dumas's character Porthos. Jean-Armand du Peyrer, Comte de Troisville (1598–1672), was fictionalized as Monsieur de Tréville.

Other Musketeers include:

Bénigne Dauvergne de Saint-Mars (died 1708), better known as the jailor of the Man in the Iron Mask

Pierre de Montesquiou d'Artagnan (1640–1725), later a Marshal of France

Jean-François Leriget de La Faye (1674–1731)

Louis de Rouvroy, duc de Saint-Simon (1675–1755)

Germain-François Poullain de Saint-Foix (1698–1776), later a writer and playwright

Thomas de Treil de Pardailhan (1754–1822)

François-Henri de Franquetot de Coigny (1737–1821), later a Marshal of France

Alexandre de Beauharnais (1760–1794), first husband of the future Empress Josephine

Charles Sevin de Quincy (1660-1738), sous-brigadier des mousquetaires noirs (1689), later lieutenant-general and historian

Sweden[edit]

Thanks to the reforms of Gustav II Adolf, the Swedish Army brought to maturity the new style of fighting that made Sweden into a great power in the 17th century. This style of fighting became the new standard throughout Europe and its colonies in the latter stages of musket dominated warfare. Manuals based on Gustav's own revolutionised the training and tactics of western armies.[citation needed]

Britain[edit]

A heraldic supporter: a musketeer of the Honourable Artillery Company, in sand, 19th century

The iconic "Redcoat" of the British Empire was the staple unit in the British armies that created the largest empire in history. The British infantryman was equipped with the .75 calibre Land Pattern Musket, or Brown Bess. He was well trained by the standards of the time, training with live ammunition. A fully trained redcoat could fire four times a minute. This, combined with the technique of firing by companies (a method wherein blocks of men fired smaller volleys in succession, creating a wave of fire down the front of the regiment), made it possible for the British musketeer to win pitched battles against superior numbers.[citation needed]

The term "musketeer" was rarely used in the titles of regiments. Examples include the 106th Regiment of Foot (Black Musqueteers), the 110th Regiment of Foot (Queen's Royal Musqueteers) and the 112th Regiment of Foot (King's Royal Musqueteers), all raised and disbanded in the 1760s.

The musket was withdrawn from service with the British Army in 1854, replaced by the muzzle-loading Minié rifle, which had an accurate range of over three times that of the Brown Bess which it replaced.[18]

Eurasia[edit]

Ottoman Empire[edit]

An illustration of Janissaries.

The Janissary corps of the Ottoman army were using matchlock muskets as early as the 1440s.[19] The Ottoman Empire, centering on Turkey and extending into Balkans, Arabia and North Africa used muskets to conquer Constantinople (modern Istanbul) and were one of the earliest users of muskets in a military conflict. It also utilized large cannons, including the Great Turkish Bombard.

Russia[edit]

Main article: Streltsy

Streltsy (Russian: Стрельцы, sing. strelets, стрелец, literally "shooter"; often translated as "musketeer", but more properly "harquebusier") were the units of Russian guardsmen l from the 16th to the early 18th centuries, armed with firearms and bardiches. They are also collectively known as Strelets Troops (Стрелецкое Войско).

Streltsy in 1674

The first streltsy units were created by Ivan the Terrible sometime between 1545 and 1550 and armed with the arquebus. They first saw combat at the Siege of Kazan in 1552. Military service in this unit became lifelong and hereditary. The bearded strelsty were organized into regiments, each with a long coat (kaftan) and pointed cloth hat of a distinctive colour. By 1680, there were 20 regiments of Moscow streltsy totaling 20,048 men and comprising about 12 per cent of the total army[20] (along with cossacks, militia and an increasing number of regular soldiers). In addition, there were significant numbers of frontier and garrison streltsy serving outside Moscow, although these were less formally drilled and equipped.[21]

The Muscovite government was chronically short of cash so that the streltsy were often not paid well. While "entitled" to something like four rubles a year in the 1550s, they were often allowed to farm or trade in order to supplement their incomes. Textiles for clothing and foodstuffs were sometimes issued as part of their pay. A commander of one hundred musketeers (sotnik) received up to 20 roubles a year and a regimental head (streletski golova) between 30 and 60.[22]

In the late 17th century, the Streltsy of Moscow began to actively participate in a struggle for power between different government groups, supporting dissidents and showing hostility towards any foreign innovations.[23]

After the fall of Sophia Alekseyevna in 1689, the government of Peter the Great engaged in a process of gradual limitation of the streltsy's military and political influence. In order to counter their power, Peter began to raise a new regular army, still armed with muskets but disciplined, uniformed and organised along West European lines. In spite of these measures, the streltsy revolted yet again while Peter was on his Great Embassy in Europe. The four regiments involved were disbanded and 1,200 of the mutineers were executed. The remainder were exiled, had their property confiscated and were banned from future military employment.[24] The entire corps was technically abolished in 1689; however, after having suffered a defeat at Narva in 1700, the government retained some streltsy units in service.[25]

Gradually, the streltsy were incorporated into the regular army. At the same time, the Tsarist government started to disband the Municipal Streltsy. Liquidation of the last streltsy units (by then social rather than military groups) was finally completed by 1728.[26]

The Preobrazhensky and Semenovsky regiments of the Imperial Guard replaced the streltsy as the political and military force closest to the tsar.[27]

Africa[edit]

A small musketeer force was authorized in Kongo mostly made up of the mestiço, who were mixed race Kongolese with Portuguese ancestry. Over 300 musketeers served in the Kongo army against the Portuguese at the Battle of Mbwila in 1665.[28][29]

Musketeers were employed into the Wydah army from 1680 AD but they did not completely replace the spearmen, swordsmen and archers. In war, the Musketeers were first to go into action as they fought in the front ranks of the army.[30]

The Three Musketeers - Wikipedia

Jump to content

Main menu

move to sidebar

hide

Navigation

Main pageContentsCurrent eventsRandom articleAbout WikipediaContact usDonate

Contribute

HelpLearn to editCommunity portalRecent changesUpload file

Create account

Personal tools

Create account Log in

Pages for logged out editors learn more

ContributionsTalk

Contents

move to sidebar

hide

(Top)

1Origin

2Plot

3Characters

4Editions

5Adaptations

Toggle Adaptations subsection

5.1Film

5.2Television

5.2.1Live action

5.2.2Animation

5.3Stage

5.4Video games and board games

5.5Web series

5.6Audio

5.7Other

6In popular culture

Toggle In popular culture subsection

6.1Literature

6.2Film and television

6.3Video games

6.4Music

7Notes

8References

9External links

Toggle the table of contents

The Three Musketeers

72 languages

العربيةAvañe'ẽAzərbaycancaবাংলাBân-lâm-gúБеларускаяБеларуская (тарашкевіца)БългарскиBrezhonegCatalàČeštinaDanskDeutschEestiΕλληνικάEspañolEsperantoEuskaraفارسیFrançaisFryskGalego한국어ՀայերենHrvatskiBahasa IndonesiaÍslenskaItalianoעבריתქართულიKotavaKurdîКыргызчаLatinaLatviešuLëtzebuergeschLietuviųMagyarМакедонскиMalagasyმარგალურიBahasa MelayuМонголNederlands日本語НохчийнNorsk bokmålਪੰਜਾਬੀPolskiPortuguêsRomânăРусскийShqipSimple EnglishSlovenčinaSlovenščinaکوردیСрпски / srpskiSrpskohrvatski / српскохрватскиSuomiSvenskaTagalogதமிழ்ไทยTürkçeУкраїнськаVepsän kel’Tiếng Việt文言吴语粵語中文

Edit links

ArticleTalk

English

ReadEditView history

Tools

move to sidebar

hide

Actions

ReadEditView history

General

What links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationCite this pageGet shortened URLDownload QR codeWikidata item

Print/export

Download as PDFPrintable version

In other projects

Wikimedia CommonsWikiquote

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

1844 novel by Alexandre Dumas

For other uses, see The Three Musketeers (disambiguation).

For the novel's film adaptations, see The Three Musketeers in film.

The Three Musketeers D'Artagnan, Athos, Aramis, and PorthosImage by Maurice LeloirAuthorAlexandre Dumas with Auguste MaquetOriginal titleLes Trois MousquetairesCountryFranceLanguageFrenchGenreHistorical novel, adventure novel, swashbucklerPublication dateMarch–July 1844 (serialised)Pagesc. 700 (depending on edition)Followed byThe Count of Moret, The Dove, Twenty Years After

Les Trois Mousquetaires, by Alexandre Dumas, in French. LibriVox recording by Jc Guan. Chapter 1. Les trois présents de M. d'Artagnan père.

The Three Musketeers (French: Les Trois Mousquetaires, [le tʁwɑ muskətɛːʁ]) is a French historical adventure novel written in 1844 by French author Alexandre Dumas. As with some of his other works, he wrote it in collaboration with ghostwriter Auguste Maquet.[1][2] It is in the swashbuckler genre, which has heroic, chivalrous swordsmen who fight for justice.

Set between 1625 and 1628, it recounts the adventures of a young man named d'Artagnan (a character based on Charles de Batz-Castelmore d'Artagnan) after he leaves home to travel to Paris, hoping to join the Musketeers of the Guard. Although d'Artagnan is not able to join this elite corps immediately, he is befriended by three of the most formidable musketeers of the age – Athos, Porthos and Aramis, "the three musketeers" or "the three inseparables" – and becomes involved in affairs of state and at court.

The Three Musketeers is primarily a historical and adventure novel. However, Dumas frequently portrays various injustices, abuses and absurdities of the Ancien Régime, giving the novel an additional political significance at the time of its publication, a time when the debate in France between republicans and monarchists was still fierce. The story was first serialised from March to July 1844, during the July Monarchy, four years before the French Revolution of 1848 established the Second Republic.

The story of d'Artagnan is continued in Twenty Years After and The Vicomte of Bragelonne: Ten Years Later.

Origin[edit]

A Musketeer of the Guard c. 1660.

Dumas presents his novel as one of a series of recovered manuscripts, turning the origins of his romance into a little drama of its own. In the preface, he tells of being inspired by a scene in Mémoires de Monsieur d'Artagnan (1700), a historical novel by Gatien de Courtilz de Sandras, printed by Pierre Rouge in Amsterdam, which Dumas discovered during his research for his history of Louis XIV.[3][4] According to Dumas, the incident where d'Artagnan tells of his first visit to M. de Tréville, captain of the Musketeers, and how, in the antechamber, he encountered three young Béarnese with the names Athos, Porthos and Aramis, made such an impression on him that he continued to investigate. That much is true – the rest is fiction: He finally found the names of the three musketeers in a manuscript titled Mémoire de M. le comte de la Fère, etc. Dumas "requested permission" to reprint the manuscript; permission was granted:

Now, this is the first part of this precious manuscript which we offer to our readers, restoring it to the title which belongs to it, and entering into an engagement that if (of which we have no doubt) this first part should obtain the success it merits, we will publish the second immediately.

In the meanwhile, since godfathers are second fathers, as it were, we beg the reader to lay to our account and not to that of the Comte de la Fère, the pleasure or the ennui he may experience.

This being understood, let us proceed with our story.[5]

The Three Musketeers was written in collaboration with Auguste Maquet, who also worked with Dumas on its sequels (Twenty Years After and The Vicomte of Bragelonne: Ten Years Later), as well as The Count of Monte Cristo. Maquet would suggest plot outlines after doing historical research; Dumas then expanded the plot, removing some characters, including new ones and imbuing the story with his unmistakable style.

The Three Musketeers was first published in serial form in the newspaper Le Siècle between March and July 1844.

Plot[edit]

Depiction of the Cardinal's musketeers, the great rivals of the King's musketeers

In 1625 France, D'Artagnan leaves his family in Gascony and travels to Paris to join the Musketeers of the Guard. At a house in Meung-sur-Loire, an older man derides D'Artagnan's horse. Insulted, D'Artagnan demands a duel. The older man's companions instead beat D'Artagnan unconscious with a cooking pot and a tong that breaks his sword. His letter of introduction to Monsieur de Tréville, the commander of the Musketeers, a King's elite regiment, is also stolen. D'Artagnan resolves to avenge himself upon the older man, who is actually the Comte de Rochefort, an agent of Cardinal Richelieu, who is passing the latter's orders to his spy, Milady de Winter. In Paris, D'Artagnan visits Tréville at the Musketeers' headquarters. Without the letter, he faces a lukewarm reception from Tréville. Before their conversation concludes, D'Artagnan sees Rochefort passing in the street through Tréville's window and rushes out of the building to confront him. Pursuing Rochefort, he separately offends three musketeers, Athos, Porthos and Aramis, who each demand satisfaction; D'Artagnan must fight a duel with each of them that afternoon.

As D'Artagnan prepares himself for the first duel, he realizes that Athos's seconds are Porthos and Aramis, who are astonished that the Gascon intends to duel them all. As D'Artagnan and Athos begin, Richelieu's guards appear and attempt to arrest the musketeers for illegal dueling. Offered to leave by the Cardinal's guards, D'Artagnan decides to help the musketeers. Despite being outnumbered four to five, the four men win the battle. D'Artagnan seriously wounds Jussac, one of Richelieu's officers and a renowned fighter. King Louis XIII appoints D'Artagnan to Des Essart's company of the King's Guards, a less prestigious regiment, and gives him forty pistoles. D'Artagnan hires a servant named Planchet and finds lodgings with Bonacieux, a merchant. His landlord later mentions the kidnapping of his wife, Constance Bonacieux, who works for Queen Anne of France. When she is released, D'Artagnan falls in love at first sight with her. Queen Anne secretly meets the Duke of Buckingham, England's first minister. At the meeting, she gives him a diamond necklace, the King's gift to her, as a keepsake.

Richelieu, who wants to diminish the influence of Queen Anne and her Spanish entourage on French internal affairs, plots to persuade the King that his wife is having an affair with Buckingham. On his advice, the King demands that the Queen wear the diamonds to an upcoming soirée. Constance tries to send her husband to London to fetch the diamonds, but he is instead manipulated by Richelieu and thus does not go, so D'Artagnan and his friends intercede. En route to England, Richelieu's henchmen attack them and only D'Artagnan and Planchet reach London. Before arriving, D'Artagnan is compelled to assault and nearly to kill Comte de Wardes, a friend of Richelieu, cousin of Rochefort and Milady's love interest. Although Milady stole two of the diamond studs, Buckingham provides replacements while delaying the thief's return to Paris. D'Artagnan thus returns a complete set of jewels to Queen Anne in time to save her honor.

D'Artagnan hopes to begin an affair with the grateful Constance. Invited to a date, he sees signs of a struggle and discovers that Rochefort and Bonacieux, acting under the orders of Richelieu, have kidnapped Constance. D'Artagnan traces his steps back to find his friends whom he abandoned wounded on his way to London. At their meeting, Athos, drunk, tells D'Artagnan a story about a count who fell in love with and married a young woman. Months later, the count discovered that his wife was branded with a fleur-de-lis on her shoulder, a punishment for felony. The count left her to die in a forest with her hands tied, abandoned his family castle and joined the King's guard under another name. D'Artagnan understands that Athos is telling his own story.

In Paris, D'Artagnan meets Milady and recognizes her as one of Richelieu's agents. He becomes infatuated with her, though her maid reveals that Milady is indifferent towards him. Entering her quarters in the dark, he pretends to be Comte de Wardes, whom she invited in a letter that D'Artagnan intercepted and makes love to her. However, D'Artagnan is not content with Milady's having sex with him thinking that he is de Wardes. He fakes a rude letter from de Wardes, offending Milady. She asks D'Artagnan to duel and kill the Comte. As a prepayment, he has sex with her again, without assuming a fake identity. In the heat of passion, D'Artagnan reveals that it is not the first time they are together. Milday is enraged and in the subsequent scuffle, D'Artagnan discoveres a fleur-de-lis branded on her shoulder. Milady attempts to kill D'Artagnan, who eludes her. He later tells Athos that his former wife is alive.

Cardinal Richelieu offers D'Artagnan a career in his guards' ranks. Dreading the prospect of losing his friends, D'Artagnan refuses despite understanding that his career prospects diminish as a result. With their regiments, D'Artagnan and the three musketeers are ordered to the Siege of La Rochelle. There, the four friends survive two assassination attempts by Milady's agents. The would-be assassins die in the process.

At an inn, Athos overhears Richelieu asking Milady to murder Buckingham, whose support is critical to the Protestant rebels at La Rochelle. Richelieu gives her his order absolving the bearer from any responsibility, but Athos takes the order from her. To get time to secretly consult with his friends, Athos bets that he, D'Artagnan, Porthos, and Aramis will hold the recaptured St. Gervais bastion against the rebels for an hour next morning. They resist for an hour and a half before retreating, killing a dozen Rochelaise in the process, which adds to their legend. They warn the Queen and Lord de Winter about Milady's plan to assassinate Buckingham. Milady is imprisoned on arrival in England, but seduces her guard, Felton,[a] and persuades him to allow her to escape and to kill Buckingham himself.

D'Artagnan is informed that the Queen has rescued Constance from prison. He gets a permission to take her from a convent where the Queen sent her to hide.

Upon her return to France, Milady hides, coincidentally, in the convent where Constance is hiding. The naïve Constance clings to Milady who pretends to be another victim of the Cardinal's intrigues. Seeking revenge on D'Artagnan, Milady poisons Constance before he arrives to rescue her. The musketeers catch Milady before she reaches Richelieu. Summoning a local executioner, they put Milady on trial, sentence her to death, and have her executed. The executioner reveals that it was he who branded Milady as a felon years before after she, a young nun at the time, seduced and then abandoned his brother, a local priest.

When the four friends return to the Siege of La Rochelle, Richelieu's Guards arrest D’Artagnan. D'Artagnan gives the Cardinal the secret order absolving the bearer of any responsibility which Athos had taken from Milady. Impressed with D'Artagnan's candor and secretly glad to be rid of Milady, Richelieu destroys the order and writes a new one, giving the bearer a promotion to lieutenant in Tréville's company, leaving the name blank. D'Artagnan offers the letter to his three friends in turn, but each refuses it; Athos because it is beneath him, Porthos because he is retiring to marry his wealthy mistress, and Aramis because he is joining the priesthood. D'Artagnan, though heartbroken and full of regrets, receives the promotion he had coveted.

Characters[edit]

Sculpture of d'Artagnan, Athos, Porthos and Aramis in Condom, France

Musketeers

Athos – Comte de la Fère: he has never recovered from his marriage to Milady and seeks solace in wine. He becomes a father figure to d'Artagnan.

Porthos – M. du Vallon: a dandy, fond of fashionable clothes and keen to make a fortune for himself. The least cerebral of the quartet, he compensates with his homeric strength of body and character.

Aramis – René d'Herblay, a handsome young man who wavers between his religious calling and his fondness for women and intrigue.

D'Artagnan – Charles de Batz de Castelmore D'Artagnan: an impetuous, brave and clever young man seeking to become a musketeer in France.

Musketeers' servants

Planchet – a young man from Picardy, he is seen by Porthos on the Pont de la Tournelle spitting into the river below. Porthos takes this as a sign of good character and hires him on the spot to serve d'Artagnan. He turns out to be a brave, intelligent and loyal servant.

Grimaud – a Breton, whom Athos, a strict master, only permits to speak in emergencies; he mostly communicates through sign language.

Mousqueton – originally a Norman named Boniface; Porthos, however, changes his name to one that sounds better. He is a would-be dandy, just as vain as his master. In lieu of pay, he is clothed and lodged in a manner superior to that usual for servants, dressing grandly in his master's renovated old clothing.

Bazin – from the province of Berry, Bazin is a pious man who waits for the day his master (Aramis) will join the church, as he has always dreamed of serving a churchman.

Others

Milady de Winter – a beautiful and evil spy of the Cardinal, she is also Athos's ex-wife. D'Artagnan impersonates a rival to spend a night with her, attracting her deadly hatred when the deceit is revealed.

Rochefort – a more conventional agent of the Cardinal. Following their meeting at Meung on the road to Paris, d'Artagnan swears to have his revenge. He misses several opportunities, but their paths finally cross again towards the end of the novel.

Constance Bonacieux – the queen's seamstress and confidante. After d'Artagnan rescues her from the Cardinal's Guard, he immediately falls in love with her. She appreciates his protection, but the relationship is never consummated.

Monsieur Bonacieux – Constance's husband. He initially enlists d'Artagnan's help to rescue his wife from the Cardinal's Guards, but when he himself is arrested Richelieu turns Monsieur Bonacieux against his wife, and he goes on to play a role in her abduction.

Kitty – a servant of Milady de Winter. She dislikes her mistress and adores d'Artagnan.

Lord de Winter – brother of Milady's second husband who died of a mysterious disease (apparently poisoned by Milady). Acting on a warning from d'Artagnan, he imprisons Milady upon her arrival in England and plans to send her overseas in exile. Later, he takes part in Milady's trial.

Historical characters

King Louis XIII of France – presented by Dumas as a fairly weak and self-indulgent monarch, often manipulated by his chief minister.

Queen Anne of Austria – the queen of France, described as often neglected by her husband and persecuted by the Cardinal.

Cardinal Richelieu – Armand Jean du Plessis, the king's chief minister, who plots against the queen in resentment at having his advances rebuffed. Dumas describes him as being "36 or 37" though in 1625 Richelieu was 40.

M. de Tréville – captain of the Musketeers, courtier and a childhood friend of the King. Treville is a mentor, a confidant, and occasionally a protector to the three musketeers and d'Artagnan.

George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham – a handsome and charismatic favorite of the King of England used to getting his way; he thinks nothing of starting a war between England and France for his personal convenience. His courtship of Anne of Austria places her in great peril.

John Felton – a Puritan officer assigned by Lord de Winter to guard Milady and warned about her ways, he is nonetheless seduced by her in a matter of days and assassinates Buckingham at her request.

Editions[edit]

Les Trois Mousquetaires was translated into three English versions by 1846. One of these, by William Barrow (1817–1877),[6] is still in print and fairly faithful to the original, available in the Oxford World's Classics 1999 edition. To conform to 19th-century English standards, all of the explicit and many of the implicit references to sexuality were removed, adversely affecting the readability of several scenes, such as the scenes between d'Artagnan and Milady.

There are 3 modern translations as well. One recent English translation is by Will Hobson in 2002.

Another is by Richard Pevear (2006),[7] who, though applauding Barrow's work, states that most of the modern translations available today are "textbook examples of bad translation practices" which "give their readers an extremely distorted notion of Dumas' writing."[8]

The most recent translation is by the American translator Lawrence Ellsworth (Lawrence Schick) published by Pegasus Books in February 2018 from the 1956 French edition.

Ellsworth decided to translate the full trilogy of The d'Artagnan Romances as well as the two novels of The Count of Moret for 21st century readers in 9 volumes, making it the first complete translation in over a century and a half. 7 out of 9 volumes have been published and the 8th volume is in progress in a serialized translation on Substack.

[9]

Adaptations[edit]

Film[edit]

Main article: The Three Musketeers in film

The Three Musketeers (1921), a silent film adaptation starring Douglas Fairbanks.[10]

The Three Musketeers (1939), a musical comedy adaptation starring Don Ameche and The Ritz Brothers.

The Three Musketeers (1948), a 1948 adaptation starring Van Heflin, Lana Turner, June Allyson, Angela Lansbury, Vincent Price, and Gene Kelly.[11]

The Three Musketeers (1973) and The Four Musketeers (1974), a two-part adaptation directed by Richard Lester, starring Oliver Reed, Frank Finlay, Richard Chamberlain and Michael York.

D'Artagnan and Three Musketeers (1978), a popular Soviet musical featuring Mikhail Boyarsky

The Three Musketeers (1993), a 1993 Disney adaptation starring Charlie Sheen, Kiefer Sutherland, Oliver Platt and Chris O'Donnell.[12]

The Musketeer, a 2001 film.

The Three Musketeers (2011), directed by Paul W. S. Anderson and starring Luke Evans, Ray Stevenson and Milla Jovovich.[13]

The Three Musketeers: D'Artagnan and The Three Musketeers: Milady, a 2023 two-part French adventure film saga starring François Civil, Vincent Cassel, Pio Marmaï, Romain Duris and Eva Green

Television[edit]

The novel has been adapted also for television in live action and animation.

Live action[edit]

The BBC has adapted the novel on three occasions:

The Three Musketeers, a 1954 BBC adaptation in six 30-minute episodes, starring Laurence Payne, Roger Delgado, Paul Whitsun-Jones and Paul Hansard

The Three Musketeers, a 1966 BBC adaptation in ten 25-minute episodes, directed by Peter Hammond and starring Jeremy Brett, Jeremy Young and Brian Blessed

The Musketeers, a 2014 series by Adrian Hodges, is the newest BBC adaptation[14] starring Tom Burke, Santiago Cabrera, Howard Charles and Luke Pasqualino as the titular musketeers.

Young Blades is an American/Canadian television series that aired on PAX in 2005. The series serves as a sequel to the novels, centered on the son of d'Artagnan, played by Tobias Mehler.

A series adapted for Korean history aired in 2014.

Animation[edit]

Walt Disney Productions produced a Silly Symphony cartoon called, Three Blind Mouseketeers, which is loosely based on the novel in 1936, in which the characters are depicted as anthropomorphic animals.

A two-part adaptation aired on The Famous Adventures of Mr. Magoo, with Magoo portraying D'Artagnan.

The Three Musketeers was a series of animated shorts produced by Hanna-Barbera as part of The Banana Splits Comedy-Adventure Hour and The Banana Splits & Friends show.

The Three Musketeers was a Hanna-Barbera animated special from 1973. It was part of the 1970s-80s CBS anthology series Famous Classic Tales that was produced by Hanna-Barbera's Australian division and often aired around the holidays between Thanksgiving and New Year's Day.

Dogtanian and the Three Muskehounds is a 1981 Spanish–Japanese anime adaptation, where the characters are anthropomorphic dogs. A sequel, The Return of Dogtanian, was released in 1989 by BRB Internacional, Thames Television and Wang Film Productions. Set 10 years after the original, it is loosely based on the novel The Vicomte de Bragelonne. A key difference between the two Dogtanian adaptions and Dumas' novel is that the character traits of Athos and Porthos were interchanged, making Athos the extrovert and Porthos the secretive noble of the group.

In 1989, Gakken produced a new anime adaptation called The Three Musketeers Anime, this time with human characters, which features several departures from the original.

Albert the Fifth Musketeer is a 1994 French-British animated series featuring a new musketeer, the titular Albert.

Mickey, Donald, Goofy: The Three Musketeers, a direct-to-video animated movie produced by Walt Disney Pictures and the Australian office of DisneyToon Studios, directed by Donovan Cook and released on 17 August 2004.

The Backyardigans had a 2009 episode in its third season by the name of The Two Musketeers; a third musketeer joins by the end of the episode.

A Barbie adaptation of the tale by the name of Barbie and the Three Musketeers was released in 2009.

Stage[edit]

1898 production at the Theatre Metropole

The first stage production was in Dumas' own lifetime as the opera Les Trois Mousquetaires with a libretto by Dumas himself and music by Albert Visetti.

An 1898 play, by Henry Hamilton, opened as The Three Musketeers at the Theatre Metropole, Camberwell, England, on 12 September 1898.[15] Renamed The King's Musketeer, it was mounted at the Knickerbocker Theatre in New York on 22 February 1899.[16]

The Three Musketeers is a musical with a book by William Anthony McGuire, lyrics by Clifford Grey and P. G. Wodehouse, and music by Rudolf Friml. The original 1928 production ran on Broadway for 318 performances. A 1984 revival ran for 15 previews and 9 performances.

The Stratford Festival has staged different theatrical productions of playwright Peter Raby's adaptation of the novel:

In 1968, Raby collaborated with composer Raymond Pannell on a production at the Festival Theatre in 1968 directed by John Hirsch,[17] with Powys Thomas as Athos, James Blendick as Porthos, Christopher Newton as Aramis and Douglas Rain as d'Artagnan.

In 1988, a production was staged at the Festival Theatre with music by Alan Laing and directed by Richard Ouzounian,[18] with Colm Feore as Athos, Stephen Russell as Porthos, Lorne Kennedy as Aramis and Geraint Wyn Davies as d'Artagnan.

In 2000, a production was staged at the Festival Theatre with music by Berthold Carriere and directed by Richard Monette and Paul Leishman,[19] with Benedict Campbell as Athos, Thom Marriott as Porthos, Andy Velasquez as Aramis and Timothy Askew as d'Artagnan.

In 2013, a production was staged at the Festival Theatre with music by Lesley Arden and directed by Miles Potter,[20] with Graham Abbey as Athos, Jonathan Goad as Porthos, Mike Shara as Aramis and Luke Humphrey as d'Artagnan.

In 2003, a Dutch musical 3 Musketiers with a book by André Breedland and music & lyrics by Rob & Ferdi Bolland premiered, which went on to open in Germany (both the Dutch and German production starring Pia Douwes as Milady De Winter) and Hungary.

Playwright Peter Raby, composer George Stiles and lyricist Paul Leigh have written another adaptation titled The 3 Musketeers, One Musical For All, originally produced by the now defunct American Musical Theatre of San Jose.

In 2006, an adaptation by Ken Ludwig premiered at the Bristol Old Vic.[21] In this version, d'Artagnan's sister Sabine, "the quintessential tomboy," poses as a young man and participates in her brother's adventures.

In 2018, The Dukes performed an outdoor promenade production in Williamson Park, Lancaster, adapted by Hattie Naylor: in this version d'Artagnan was a young woman aspiring to be a musketeer.[22][23]

Video games and board games[edit]

In 1995, publisher U.S. Gold released Touché: The Adventures of the Fifth Musketeer by video game developers Clipper Software, a classic point-and-click adventure game.[24] In 2005, Swedish developer Legendo Entertainment published the side-scrolling platform game The Three Musketeers for Windows XP and Windows Vista. In July 2009, a version of the game was released for WiiWare in North America and Europe under the title The Three Musketeers: One for All!.[25] In 2009, Canadian developer Dingo Games self-published The Three Musketeers: The Game for Windows and Mac OS X. It is the first game to be truly based on the novel (in that it closely follows the novel's story).[26] 2009 also saw the publication of the asymmetric team board game The Three Musketeers "The Queen's Pendants" (Настольная игра "Три мушкетера") from French designer Pascal Bernard[27] by the Russian publisher Zvezda.[28] In 2010, a co-operative game called "Mousquetaires du Roy" was released by Ystari and Rio Grande.[29] The alternative spelling of "Roy" was taken from the old French and is rumoured to be preferred over the regular spelling because the publishers desire to have a letter "Y" in the name of the games they publish.[30] Designed by François Combe and Gilles Lehmann for 1-5 players, the medium heavy game depicts the quest to retrieve the Queen's diamonds, while at the same time fending off disasters back in Paris. A sixth player expansion, called "Treville" was also made available in 2010.[31]

In 2010, Anuman Interactive launched The Three Musketeers, a hidden object game on PC and MAC. Players follow d'Artagnan in his quest to become a king's musketeer.[32]

Web series[edit]

In 2016, KindaTV launched a web series based on the story of The Three Musketeers, called "All For One".[33] It follows a group of college students, mainly Dorothy Castlemore and is centred around a sorority- Mu Sigma Theta (MST). The majority of characters have been gender-swapped from the original story and most character names are based on the original characters.

It covers several themes including the LGBT community, mental health, long-distance relationships and college life.

Audio[edit]

A musical version with music by Rudolf Friml, book by William Anthony McGuire, lyrics by Clifford Grey and directed by Alastair Scott Johnson was broadcast on BBC Radio 2 on 21 March 1970.[34]

An adaptation in twelve parts by Patrick Riddell was broadcast on the BBC Light Programme 4 April-20 June 1946.[35] The cast included Marius Goring as d'Artgagnan, Philip Cunningham as Athos, Howard Marion-Crawford as Porthos, Allan McClelland as Aramis, Lucille Lisle as Milady de Winter, Leon Quartermaine as Cardinal Richelieu and Valentine Dyall as the Narrator.

In the early 1960s, United Artists Records released an audio dramatization of the first half of The Three Musketeers (UAC 11007) (dealing with the affair of the Queen's Diamonds) as part of their Tale Spinners for Children series, starring Robert Hardy as d'Artagnan and John Wood as Cardinal Richelieu.[36]

Michael York was the narrator for a 1982 Caedmon Records LP recording (TC 1692) consisting of the first five chapters of the novel.[37] Since then, the novel has been released in audiobook format many times.

An adaptation in six parts by James Saunders directed by Martin Jenkins was broadcast on BBC Radio 4 28 April-2 June 1994.[38] The cast included Jamie Glover as d'Artgagnan, Robert Glenister as Athos, Timothy Spall as Porthos, Anton Lesser as Aramis, Imelda Staunton as Milady de Winter, Michael Cochrane as the Duke of Buckingham and Julian Glover as Cardinal Richelieu. This adaptation was rebroadcast on BBC Radio 4 in 1995, on BBC Radio 7 in 2010 and on BBC Radio 4 Extra in 2014.

In September 2019, Amazon released The Three Musketeers: an Audible Original Audio Drama,[39] which follows the story of the book told from Milady's perspective.

In April 2021, Durham University Audio Society began releasing the first season of DUADS' The Three Musketeers.[40] The show originally aired on Durham University's student radio station, Purple Radio, and went on to be nominated for and receive several local awards. The show remains faithful to the events of the novel, but adds in several adventures and touches on additional themes, including LGBT themes. The first season covers the first arc of the book, the quest for the Queen's diamond studs. A second and third season are in the works.

In May 2022, Radio Mirchi Kolkata station aired The Three Musketeers in Bangla version, translated by Rajarshee Gupta for Mirchi's Sunday Suspense Programme. It was narrated by Deepanjan Ghosh. D'Artagnan was voiced by actor Rwitobroto Mukherjee. Athos was voiced by Gaurav Chakrabarty, Porthos by Agni, Aramis by Somak, King Louis XIII by Sayak Aman and Cardinal Richelieu by Mir Afsar Ali.[41]

Other[edit]

Three Musketeers, Issue No. 1, Classic Comics, published 1941

Publisher Albert Lewis Kanter (1897–1973), created Classic Comics for Elliot Publishing Company in 1941 with its debut issues being The Three Musketeers. The Three Mouseketeers was the title of two series produced by DC Comics; the first series was a loose parody of The Three Musketeers. It was also made into motion comics in the Video Comic Book series

In 1939, American author Tiffany Thayer published a book titled Three Musketeers (Thayer, 1939). This is a re-telling of the story in Thayer's words, true to the original plot but told in a different order and with different points of view and emphasis from the original.

Fantasy novelist Steven Brust's Khaavren Romances series have all used Dumas novels (particularly the D'Artagnan Romances) as their chief inspiration, recasting the plots of those novels to fit within Brust's established world of Dragaera.[42] His 2020 novel The Baron of Magister Valley follows suit, using The Count of Monte Cristo as a starting point.[43][44]

Sarah Hoyt's (nom de plume Sarah D'Almeida) Musketeers series[45] begins with Death of a Musketeer, a Mystery Book Club selection, and includes four other titles from Berkley Prime Crime[46] and Goldport Press.

Tansy Rayner Roberts wrote Musketeer Space, a space opera retelling of the original book in which almost all characters have a different gender, as a weekly serialized novel from 2014 to 2016.

In popular culture[edit]

Literature[edit]

The American translator Lawrence Ellsworth is currently translating The d'Artagnan Romances in its entirety, and he has also written a 2-volume novel called The Rose Knight's Crucifixion that is a parallel novel to The Three Musketeers, in which most of the characters from The Three Musketeers and Sir Percy Blakeney from The Laughing Cavalier and The First Sir Percy by Baroness Orczy appear. The protagonist's physical appearance, however, is based on Quasimodo from Victor Hugo's The Hunchback of Notre-Dame.

In the book The Assault, The Three Musketeers is quoted in the Prologue as the protagonist had the story read to him by Mr. Beumer, a lawyer who later becomes senile and in morbidity.

Film and television[edit]

In Slumdog Millionaire, Jamal Malik's final question was to correctly identify the name of the third musketeer- which was Aramis. Jamal did so and won twenty million rupees.

In the film Django Unchained, one of the slaves, owned by Calvin Candie, is named D'Artagnan.

Video games[edit]

In Pokémon Black and White, the Pokémon Cobalion, Terrakion and Virizion, known as the Swords of Justice, are based on the Three Musketeers. Cobalion represents Athos, Terrakion represents Porthos and Virizion represents Aramis.[47] The fourth Sword of Justice, Keldeo, represents d'Artagnan.[48]

Music[edit]

The Smiths song You've Got Everything Now features the line: "I've seen you smile, but I've never really heard you laugh" and is borrowed from a narrative description of Athos:

He was very taciturn, this worthy signor. Be it understood we are speaking of Athos. During the five or six years that he had lived in the strictest intimacy with his companions, Porthos and Aramis, they could remember having often seen him smile, but had never heard him laugh.— Chapter 7, The Interior of the Musketeers[49]

Ppcocaine's song "Three Musketeers" shares little with the novel but its title.

Notes[edit]

^ A fictionalization of the real John Felton.

References[edit]

^ Samuel, Henry (10 February 2010). "Alexandre Dumas novels penned by 'fourth musketeer' ghost writer". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 11 August 2012.

^ Schopp, Claude (1988). Alexandre Dumas, Genius of Life. trans. by A. J. Koch. New York, Toronto: Franklin Watts. pp. 325–326. ISBN 0-531-15093-3.

^ Les Trois Mousquetaires by Alexandre Dumas – Free Ebook : Author's Preface. 2004. Retrieved 26 February 2014 – via Project Gutenberg.

^ Losada, Juan Carlos (3 November 2019). "Los mosqueteros y la alargada sombra de Alejandro Dumas". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). Retrieved 17 May 2020.

^ Dumas, Alexandre. The Three Musketeers, Author's Preface.

^ Collecting The Three Musketeers by Dumas, ALexandre - First Edition Identification Guide, biblio.com. Retrieved 17 March 2023.

^ Thorpe, Adam (25 November 2006). "Review: The Three Musketeers by Alexandre Dumas, translated by Richard Pevear". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 17 May 2020.

^ Dumas, Alexandre, The Three Musketeers, Penguin Classics Deluxe Edition, "A Note on the Translation", p. xxi

^ Ellsworth, Lawrence (21 November 2022). "Musketeers Cycle by Alexandre Dumas".

^ "The Three Musketeers. 1921. Directed by Fred Niblo | MoMA". The Museum of Modern Art. Retrieved 17 May 2020.

^ "The Three Musketeers". IMDb. Retrieved 4 March 2020.

^ Young, Neil (23 September 2011). "The Three Musketeers: Film Review". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 17 May 2020.

^ Strecker, Erin (1 August 2012). "One for all: BBC announces new show 'The Musketeers'". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 1 August 2012.

^ Watson, Malcolm. "Theatre Metropole – The Three Musketeers", St James's Gazette, 13 September 1898, p. 12, accessed 15 April 2018, via British Newspaper Archive (subscription required)

^ "One Dumas melodrama and three native vaudeville farces", The Sun, February 26, 1899, p. 17, accessed 15 April 2018 via Library of Congress

^ "Stratford Festival - The Three Musketeers (1968)". StratfordFestival.ca.

^ "Stratford Festival - The Three Musketeers (1988)". StratfordFestival.ca.

^ "Stratford Festival - The Three Musketeers (2000)". StratfordFestival.ca.

^ "Stratford Festival - The Three Musketeers (2013)". StratfordFestival.ca.

^ Ken Ludwig – Playwright. "The Three Musketeers". kenludwig.com. Retrieved 28 December 2018.

^ Bartlett, Chris (24 July 2018). "The Three Musketeers review at Williamson Park, Lancaster – 'slick and inclusive open-air theatre'". The Stage. Retrieved 25 July 2018.

^ Brennan, Clare (22 July 2018). "The Three Musketeers review – a joyful twist on the classic swashbuckler". The Observer. Retrieved 25 July 2018.

^ Touché: The Adventures of the Fifth Musketeer, Moby Games

^ "The Three Musketeers: One for All! (WiiWare)". Nintendo Life. 21 October 2009. Retrieved 18 January 2010.

^ The Three Musketeers: The Game, Moby Games

^ "Pascal Bernard – Board Game Designer". BoardGameGeek. Retrieved 18 January 2010.

^ Звезда. Настольные игры. Сборные модели и миниатюры. (in Russian). Zvezda. Retrieved 18 January 2010.

^ "Mousquetaires du Roy". BoardGameGeek. Retrieved 15 March 2018.

^ "1st Ystari Game where the S comes before the Y?". BoardGameGeek. Retrieved 15 March 2018.

^ "Mousquetaires du Roy: Tréville miniature". BoardGameGeek. Retrieved 15 March 2018.

^ "HdO Adventure series | GamesIndustry International". Gamesindustry.biz. 18 March 2010. Retrieved 29 June 2014.

^ All for One, Gwenlyn Cumyn, Angie Lopez, Claire Gagnon-King, retrieved 11 April 2018{{citation}}: CS1 maint: others (link)

^ "BBC Radio 2 - The Three Musketeers (1970)". BBC Programme Index. 21 March 1970.

^ "BBC Light Programme - The Three Musketeers (1946)". BBC Programme Index.

^ "Tale Spinners for Children: The Three Musketeers". Discogs.com. 10 January 2022.

^ "Alexandre Dumas - The Three Musketeers read by Michael York". Discogs.com. 19 September 1982.

^ "BBC Radio 4 - The Three Musketeers (1994)". BBC Programme Index.

^ "The Three Musketeers: An Audible Original Drama (Audio Download): Alexandre Dumas, Marty Ross, David Ahmad, Rachel Atkins, Catherine Bailey, ed Barry, Timothy Bentinck, Nicholas Boulton, Eliza Butterworth, Gunnar Cauthery, Stephen Critchlow, Adetomiwa Edun, Audible Originals: Amazon.co.uk: Audible Books & Originals". Amazon UK.

^ "DUADS' the Three Musketeers • A podcast on Anchor".

^ #SundaySuspense | The Three Musketeers Part 1 | Alexandre Dumas | MIrchi Bangla, retrieved 23 May 2022

^ Tilendis, Robert M. (23 December 2014). "Steven Brust's The Khaavren Romances". Green Man Review. Retrieved 3 August 2020.

^ Eddy, Cheryl (1 July 2020). "There Are So Many New Sci-Fi and Fantasy Books Coming Out in July". Gizmodo. Retrieved 3 August 2020.

^ Steven Brust (28 July 2020). The Baron of Magister Valley. Tom Doherty Associates. ISBN 978-1-250-31146-7.

^ "Sarah A. Hoyt". Retrieved 23 July 2019.

^ "Death of a Musketeer". Retrieved 23 July 2019.

^ "Ken Sugimori Reveals More Gen 5 Lost Pokemon Designs". Lava Cut Content. 31 May 2019. Retrieved 23 September 2019.

^ Gilbert, Henry (10 October 2013). "Pokemon facts - 30 little known pieces of trivia from the classic franchise". gamesradar. Retrieved 28 August 2020.

^ The Three Musketeers Project Gutenberg.

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Les Trois Mousquetaires.

Wikisource has original text related to this article:

The Three Musketeers

The Three Musketeers at Standard Ebooks

The Three Musketeers at Project Gutenberg. Plain text format.

Listen to Take Spinners for Children: The Three Musketeers on Internet Archive.

The Three Musketeers public domain audiobook at LibriVox

History of Dumas' Musketeers, shows links between the characters and actual history.

Comprehensive collection of Dumas links

The Three Musketeers. Scanned public domain editions in PDF format from Archive.org, some w/ illustrations, introductions and other helpful material.

"The Paris of The Three Musketeers", by E. H. Blashfield and E. W. Blashfield. Scribner's Magazine, August 1890. Cornell University Library.

Cooper, Barbara T., "Alexandre Dumas, père", in Dictionary of Literary Biography, Vol. 119: Nineteenth-Century French Fiction Writers: Romanticism and Realism, 1800–1860, edited by Catharine Savage Brosman, Gale Research, 1992, pp. 98–119.

Hemmings, F. W. J., "Alexandre Dumas Père", in European Writers: The Romantic Century, Vol. 6, edited by Jacques Barzun and George Stade, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1985, pp. 719–43.

Foote-Greenwell, Victoria, "The Life and Resurrection of Alexandre Dumas", in Smithsonian, July 1996, p. 110.

Thayer, Tiffany, Three Musketeers, New York: Citadel Press, 1939. (On the hard cover, the title is printed as Tiffany Thayer's Three Musketeers.)

Discussion of the work, bibliography and links

Bibliography and references for The Three Musketeers

Novels portal

vteAlexandre Dumas pèreNovels

The Conspirators

The Count of Monte Cristo

The Countess of Salisbury

The Three Musketeers

The Fencing Master

The Corsican Brothers

The Black Tulip

Captain Pamphile

Le Chevalier de Maison-Rouge

La Dame de Monsoreau

Georges

The Knight of Sainte-Hermine

The Queen's Necklace

La Reine Margot

The New Troy

Twenty Years After

The Two Dianas

The Vicomte de Bragelonne

The Companions of Jehu

The Wolf Leader

La Sanfelice

The Women's War

Travelogues

Le Speronare

Le Capitaine Aréna

Le Corricolo

Characters

Edmond Dantès

Aramis

Athos

Anne of Austria

d'Artagnan

Abbé Faria

Milady de Winter

Porthos

Cardinal Richelieu

Comte de Rochefort

M. de Tréville

Alexandre Dumas fils (son)

Thomas-Alexandre Dumas (father)

Marie-Cessette Dumas (grandmother)

Auguste Maquet (collaborator)

Théâtre Historique

Château de Monte-Cristo

L'Autre Dumas (2010 film)

Orson Welles and People (lost documentary)

vteThe d'Artagnan Romances by Alexandre Dumas

The Three Musketeers

Twenty Years After

The Vicomte of Bragelonne: Ten Years Later

Characters

Athos

Aramis

Porthos

d'Artagnan

Cardinal Richelieu

Milady de Winter

Rochefort

Buckingham

Queen Anne

Louis XIII

Louis XIV

de Tréville

FilmsThe ThreeMusketeers

The Three Musketeers (1916)

Les Trois Mousquetaires (1921)

The Three Musketeers (1921)

The Three Musketeers (1932)

The Three Musketeers (1933)

The Three Musketeers (1935)

The Three Musketeers (1939)

The Three Musketeers (1942)

The Three Musketeers (1946)

The Three Musketeers (1948)

Blades of the Musketeers (1953)

The Three Musketeers (1953)

The Three Musketeers (1961)

The Three Musketeers (1973)

The Four Musketeers (1974)

The Three Musketeers (1993)

The Musketeer (2001)

The Three Musketeers (2011)

3 Musketeers (2011)

The Three Musketeers (2013)

The Three Musketeers: D'Artagnan (2023)

The Three Musketeers: Milady (2023)

Twenty YearsAfter

The Return of the Musketeers (1989)

Musketeers Twenty Years After (1992)

The Vicomte ofBragelonne

The Iron Mask (1929)

The Man in the Iron Mask (1939)

Uthama Puthiran (1940)

Lady in the Iron Mask (1952)

The Count of Bragelonne (1954)

The King's Prisoner (1954)

Uthama Puthiran (1958)

Le Masque de fer (1962)

The Fifth Musketeer (1979)

The Secret of Queen Anne or Musketeers Thirty Years After (1993)

The Man in the Iron Mask (1998)

Other sequels

At Sword's Point (1952)

The Secret Mark of D'Artagnan (1962)

Revenge of the Musketeers (1994)

The Return of the Musketeers, or The Treasures of Cardinal Mazarin (2009)

Animated

The Four Musketeers (1936)

Three Blind Mouseketeers (1936)

The Three Musketeers (1974)

Mickey, Donald, Goofy: The Three Musketeers (2004)

Barbie and the Three Musketeers (2009)

Dogtanian and the Three Muskehounds (2021)

Tom and Jerry

The Two Mouseketeers

Touché, Pussy Cat!

Tom and Chérie

Royal Cat Nap

TelevisionSeriesLive-action

The Three Musketeers (1966)

The Mind Robber (1968)

d'Artagnan and Three Musketeers (1978)

Young Blades (2005)

The Three Musketeers (2009–10) (puppetry)

The Musketeers (2014)

Animated

The Three Musketeers (1968)

Dogtanian and the Three Muskehounds (1981)

The Three Musketeers Anime (1987–89)

The Return of Dogtanian (1989)

Albert the Fifth Musketeer (1993–94)

FilmsLive-action

The Three Musketeers (1959)

The Three Musketeers (1969)

The Man in the Iron Mask (1977)

La Femme Musketeer (2004)

Animated

The Three Musketeers (1973)

The Man in the Iron Mask (1985)

Dogtanian: Special (1985)

The Three Musketeers (1986)

Dogtanian: One For All and All For One (1995)

Games

Touché: The Adventures of the Fifth Musketeer

The Three Musketeers (1987 video game)

The Three Musketeers (2006 video game)

The Three Musketeers: One for All!

Musicals

The Three Musketeers (1928)

3 Musketiers

Otheradaptations

The Three Mesquiteers

Dog in Boots

The Three Must-Get-Theres

The Three Mouseketeers (comics)

The Three Musketeers (South Korean adaptation)

Khaavren Romances

The Phoenix Guards

Five Hundred Years After

The Viscount of Adrilankha

The Baron of Magister Valley

Auguste Maquet (collaborator)

A Modern Musketeer

The Three Muscatels

Unus pro omnibus, omnes pro uno

Man in the Iron Mask

Musketeers of the Guard

3 Musketeers (chocolate bar)

Authority control databases International

VIAF

National

Spain

France

BnF data

Germany

Israel

United States

Australia

Other

IdRef

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Three_Musketeers&oldid=1212890999"

Categories: The Three Musketeers1844 French novelsFiction set in 1625French adventure novelsFrench historical novelsFrench novels adapted into filmsFrench novels adapted into playsNovels adapted into comicsNovels adapted into video gamesFrench novels adapted into television showsNovels by Alexandre DumasNovels first published in serial formNovels set in Early Modern FranceNovels set in the 1620sWorks originally published in Le Siècle1844 in FranceCultural depictions of Cardinal RichelieuCultural depictions of Louis XIIINovels set in the 17th centuryMusketeers of the GuardCultural depictions of Anne of AustriaCultural depictions of George Villiers, 1st Duke of BuckinghamHidden categories: CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)Pages containing links to subscription-only contentCS1 uses Russian-language script (ru)CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)CS1 maint: othersArticles with short descriptionShort description matches WikidataUse dmy dates from January 2022Articles containing French-language textPages with French IPACommons category link from WikidataArticles with Project Gutenberg linksArticles with LibriVox linksArticles with VIAF identifiersArticles with BNE identifiersArticles with BNF identifiersArticles with BNFdata identifiersArticles with GND identifiersArticles with J9U identifiersArticles with LCCN identifiersArticles with NLA identifiersArticles with SUDOC identifiers

This page was last edited on 10 March 2024, at 01:51 (UTC).

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0;

additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.

About Wikipedia

Disclaimers

Contact Wikipedia

Code of Conduct

Developers

Statistics

Cookie statement

Mobile view

Toggle limited content width

The Three Musketeers | Introduction & Summary | Britannica

Search Britannica

Click here to search

Search Britannica

Click here to search

Home

Games & Quizzes

History & Society

Science & Tech

Biographies

Animals & Nature

Geography & Travel

Arts & Culture

Money

Videos

On This Day

One Good Fact

Dictionary

New Articles

History & Society

Lifestyles & Social Issues

Philosophy & Religion

Politics, Law & Government

World History

Science & Tech

Health & Medicine

Science

Technology

Biographies

Browse Biographies

Animals & Nature

Birds, Reptiles & Other Vertebrates

Bugs, Mollusks & Other Invertebrates

Environment

Fossils & Geologic Time

Mammals

Plants

Geography & Travel

Arts & Culture

Entertainment & Pop Culture

Literature

Sports & Recreation

Visual Arts

Companions

Demystified

Image Galleries

Infographics

Lists

Podcasts

Spotlights

Summaries

The Forum

How Musketeers Worked | HowStuffWorks

Mobile Menu

HowStuffWorks

Mobile Newsletter

Submit Search

Close Search

Science

Tech

Home & Garden

Auto

Culture

Health

Money

Animals

Lifestyle

Entertainment

Quizzes

Coupons

Submit Search

Mobile Newsletter banner close

HowStuffWorks Newsletter

Mobile Newsletter chat close

Mobile Newsletter chat dots

Mobile Newsletter chat avatar

Mobile Newsletter chat subscribe

Science

Tech

Home & Garden

Auto

Culture

More More

Health

Money

Animals

Lifestyle

Entertainment

Quizzes

Coupons

HowStuffWorks

Culture

History

Historical Figures

How Musketeers Worked

By: John Kelly

Share Content on Facebook

Share Content on LinkedIn

Share Content on Flipboard

Share Content on Reddit

Share Content via Email

Musketeers took their name from the musket, a firearm that revolutionized warfare after it was introduced in the late 1500s. See pictures of military leaders.

©iStockphoto.com/grabi

"Lifting his hat with one hand, and drawing his sword with the other," a gallant soldier called D'Artagnan leads his three companions in a blade-clanging charge against five guards of Cardinal Richelieu, the evil opponent of the King of France. The young D'Artagnan, his heart beating as if it would burst, parries the blows of Jussac, one of the cardinal's skilled swordsmen. If he cannot overcome this experienced duelist, he may lose his dream of becoming a musketeer. He may even lose his life.

This thrilling scene early in Alexandre Dumas's novel "The Three Musketeers" is one of many in a story crammed with fighting, adventure and lovemaking. "My heart is that of a musketeer," says D'Artagnan, the apprentice warrior from the sticks. By the end of the novel, he has joined the "three inseparables" -- Athos, Porthos and Aramis -- as a member of the Musketeers of the Guard under French King Louis XIII.

The novel is a classic, and the motto of its musketeers ("All for one, one for all") is widely known. But the story of musketeers -- real musketeers -- began long before they made their literary debut.

In his novel, Dumas used history for his own ends, much the way Shakespeare incorporated actual events and people into dramatic plays. Dumas wrote "The Three Musketeers" in 1844, more than two centuries after the actual events depicted in the story took place.

The real Musketeers of the Guard were a group of soldiers who served as bodyguards to the king of France in the 17th century. The group takes its name from the musket, which was then an advanced form of military technology. In the 1600s, gunpowder weapons like the musket were expensive and sometimes elaborately decorated. They served as a prestigious emblem for the king's guard, making the group a formidable force, even though for everyday dueling, the musketeers were also skilled with a more traditional weapon: the sword [source: Nevill].

By the 1840s, the Romantic Era was in full swing, and audiences ate up tales from an age of daring soldiers, duels and Renaissance costumes. This article will take a closer look at the real men these stories were based on, including who they were, what they were fighting for and what they had in common with their fictional counterparts. On the next page, though, you'll learn more about the weapon from which the musketeers took their name.

…

Cite This!

Please copy/paste the following text to properly cite this HowStuffWorks.com article:

Copy

John Kelly

"How Musketeers Worked"

4 October 2011.HowStuffWorks.com.

12 March 2024

Citation

More Awesome Stuff

Up Next

How Knights Work

Explore More

The Three Musketeers by Alexandre Dumas Plot Summary | LitCharts

The Three Musketeers

Introduction + Context

Plot Summary

Detailed Summary & Analysis

Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26

Chapter 27

Chapter 28

Chapter 29

Chapter 30

Chapter 31

Chapter 32

Chapter 33

Chapter 34

Chapter 35

Chapter 36

Chapter 37

Chapter 38

Chapter 39

Chapter 40

Chapter 41

Chapter 42

Chapter 43

Chapter 44

Chapter 45

Chapter 46

Chapter 47

Chapter 48

Chapter 49

Chapter 50

Chapter 51

Chapter 52

Chapter 53

Chapter 54

Chapter 55

Chapter 56

Chapter 57

Chapter 58

Chapter 59

Chapter 60

Chapter 61

Chapter 62

Chapter 63

Chapter 64

Chapter 65

Chapter 66

Chapter 67

Epilogue

Themes

All Themes

Friendship and Loyalty

Honor

Class and Power

The Secrets of the Past

Seduction and Romance

Quotes

Characters

All Characters

D’Artagnan

Athos

Aramis

Porthos

Milady de Winter

Cardinal Richelieu

Lord de Winter

King Louis XIII

Queen Anne

The Duke of Buckingham

Madame Bonacieux

Rochefort

M. de Tréville

John Felton

Monsieur Bonacieux

Symbols

All Symbols

Fleur-de-lis

Upgrade to LitCharts A+

Instant downloads of all 1884 LitChart PDFs

(including The Three Musketeers).

LitCharts Teacher Editions. Teach your students to analyze literature like LitCharts does.

Detailed explanations, analysis, and citation info for every important quote on LitCharts.

The original text plus a side-by-side modern translation of every Shakespeare play.

Already have an account?

From the creators of SparkNotes, something better.

Literature

Guides

Poetry

Guides

Literary

Terms

Shakespeare

Translations

Citation

Generator

Sign InSign up for A+Sign up

Literature

Poetry

Lit Terms

Shakescleare

The Three Musketeers

Alexandre Dumas

Upgrade to A+

Download this LitChart! (PDF)

Teachers and parents!

Our Teacher Edition on The Three Musketeers makes teaching easy.

Introduction

Intro

Plot Summary

Plot

Summary & Analysis

Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26

Chapter 27

Chapter 28

Chapter 29

Chapter 30

Chapter 31

Chapter 32

Chapter 33

Chapter 34

Chapter 35

Chapter 36

Chapter 37

Chapter 38

Chapter 39

Chapter 40

Chapter 41

Chapter 42

Chapter 43

Chapter 44

Chapter 45

Chapter 46

Chapter 47

Chapter 48

Chapter 49

Chapter 50

Chapter 51

Chapter 52

Chapter 53

Chapter 54

Chapter 55

Chapter 56

Chapter 57

Chapter 58

Chapter 59

Chapter 60

Chapter 61

Chapter 62

Chapter 63

Chapter 64

Chapter 65

Chapter 66

Chapter 67

Epilogue

Themes

All Themes

Friendship and Loyalty

Honor

Class and Power

The Secrets of the Past

Seduction and Romance

Quotes

Characters

All Characters

D’Artagnan

Athos

Aramis

Porthos

Milady de Winter

Cardinal Richelieu

Lord de Winter

King Louis XIII

Queen Anne

The Duke of Buckingham

Madame Bonacieux

Rochefort

M. de Tréville

John Felton

Monsieur Bonacieux

Symbols

All Symbols

Fleur-de-lis

Theme Wheel

Theme Viz

Teachers and parents!

Our Teacher Edition on The Three Musketeers makes teaching easy.

Everything you needfor every book you read.

"Sooo much more helpful than SparkNotes. The way the content is organizedand presented is seamlessly smooth, innovative, and comprehensive."

Get LitCharts A+

Everything you need for every book you read.

Get LitCharts A+

Intro

The Three Musketeers Summary

Chapter 1

The Three Musketeers is the story of d’Artagnan, a young man from Gascony who dreams of becoming a musketeer (a soldier who carries a rifle). At the beginning of the novel, he sets off from his hometown and makes his way to Paris where he plans to introduce himself to M. de Tréville, the king’s righthand man and the leader of the musketeers. On his way to Paris, he picks a fight with a Rochefort, one of the cardinal’s best men, although d’Artagnan doesn’t know who he is at the time. Upon arriving in Paris, he makes his way to M. de Tréville, who gets him started on the path to becoming a musketeer. Shortly after his meeting with M. de Tréville, d’Artagnan challenges three different musketeers—Athos, Porthos, and Aramis—to a duel, not realizing any of them are friends. When d’Artagnan shows up to his duel with Athos, he is surprised to see that Athos brought Porthos and Aramis as his seconds. However, before their duel can begin, the cardinal’s men interrupt them and pick a fight with the musketeers. Realizing that his issues with the musketeers are silly, d’Artagnan decides to ally himself with them against the cardinal’s men. D’Artagnan and the musketeers easily win the battle against the cardinal’s men and from that moment on, the four men become great friends. Shortly after his battle with the cardinal’s men, d’Artagnan becomes embroiled in a plot to save the queen from one of the cardinal’s schemes. Simultaneously, he falls in love with a woman named Madame Bonacieux who works for the queen. She asks d’Artagnan to deliver a letter to the Duke of Buckingham in England. Although d’Artagnan doesn’t know it, the queen gave the Duke of Buckingham some diamond tags (jewelry) as a token of her affection, but now, the queen needs them back—otherwise, the cardinal plans to humiliate her in front of the king by revealing her affair with the duke. Wanting to win Madame Bonacieux’s favor, d’Artagnan heads to London with Athos, Porthos, Aramis, and their servants by his side. On the way to London, Athos, Porthos, and Aramis stay behind at various points in the journey to deal with the cardinal’s traps. D’Artagnan makes it to London and gives the duke the letter. The duke returns the tags to d’Artagnan, who swiftly takes them back to Paris and gives them to the queen. Although this is a great success for d’Artagnan, it puts him on the cardinal’s radar. Because of this, M. de Tréville tells d’Artagnan that he must watch his back. Not long after d’Artagnan returns from Paris, the cardinal kidnaps Madame Bonacieux, who now loves d’Artagnan in return. M. de Tréville promises to help d’Artagnan find her, but in the meantime, d’Artagnan must find out what happened to the musketeers. As quickly as he can, d’Artagnan sets off to find each of his friends. He does so without too much trouble, although ach of his friends is in a terrible emotional state that d’Artagnan must snap them out of. Athos, in particular, is in a bad mood and drinks a lot. One night while drunk, Athos tells d’Artagnan a story about his “friend” (who is clearly Athos himself). This friend apparently married a beautiful woman and then killed her after he found out she was branded with a fleur-de-lis. This story horrifies d’Artagnan, though he doesn’t know what to make of it. Eventually, the musketeers make their way back to Paris. For the next few weeks, they prepare for the upcoming war against the English. Additionally, d’Artagnan becomes acquainted with Milady de Winter, a woman who he knows is friendly with Rochefort. At this point, d’Artagnan thinks Rochefort had something to do with Madame Bonacieux’s kidnapping and wants to find out more details. Although he initially plans to use Milady to get to Rochefort, d’Artagnan quickly finds himself falling in love with Milady. Eventually, d’Artagnan goes to bed with Milady after promising to fight a duel on her behalf. While in bed with Milady, d’Artagnan admits he’s been dishonest with her, and she gets angry with him. As he tries to calm her down, d’Artagnan rips Milady’s nightgown, revealing a fleur-de-lis on her shoulder. This revelation causes Milady to go berserk; she tries to stab d’Artagnan, who barely escapes with his life. He tells Athos about the encounter and though neither man says it out loud, both know that Milady is Athos’s wife. Not long after this incident, d’Artagnan and the musketeers ride off to war. Because d’Artagnan is not a musketeer himself, he doesn’t fight alongside his friends. While at war, d’Artagnan feels isolated and afraid. He knows Milady might try to take revenge on him and indeed she does. She sends several assassins his way as well as some poison wine. Luckily, d’Artagnan foils her plans and is eventually reunited with his friends. Not long after d’Artagnan and his friends are reunited, the musketeers overhear a conversation between the cardinal and Milady. The cardinal tells Milady that he will allow her to kill d’Artagnan with impunity if she assassinates the Duke of Buckingham. The musketeers tell d’Artagnan about Milady’s plan and the four of them decide to write one letter to the queen and one letter to Lord de Winter, Milady’s brother-in-law, warning them about Milady’s plan. Lord de Winter is d’Artagnan’s friend as well as a close confidant of the Duke of Buckingham. D’Artagnan knows Lord de Winter doesn’t like Milady and suspects that she wants him dead so that she can steal his money. Milady sails to London, where she is promptly abducted by one of Lord de Winter’s men, John Felton, and taken to a castle. There, Lord de Winter explains that he plans to send Milady to a penal colony as soon as he can get a letter from the duke granting him permission. Until then, Milady must wait in captivity. During that time, John Felton, a highly religious man, watches over her. Slowly, Milady seduces Felton and wins him over to her side. She tells him an elaborate (and false) story about how the Duke of Buckingham raped and unfairly branded her, which makes Felton, who already despises the duke because of his religious beliefs, hate him even more. Just before Milady can be sent away, Felton breaks her out of her cell and takes her to London on a boat. While in London, Felton goes by himself to find the duke and kills him. He is captured in the process. Milady makes her way back to France and eventually ends up in a convent. There, she meets Madame Bonacieux, who managed to escape the cardinal and has been hiding in the convent for some time. When Milady learns that Madame Bonacieux is d’Artagnan’s mistress and that d’Artagnan is coming to rescue her, she poisons her as an act of revenge. D’Artagnan finds Madame Bonacieux just in time to watch her die. Realizing what happened, d’Artagnan, who is now a musketeer himself, tracks down Milady with his friends’ help. They also bring along a local executioner who Milady wronged in the past. Together, the group holds a trial for Milady and declares her guilty. The executioner then beheads her. Everyone heads back to Paris. The war is over for the time being and the cardinal makes d’Artagnan a lieutenant of the musketeers for his service. Although the cardinal does not like that d’Artagnan foiled some of his plans, he still got what he wanted, and he has great respect for d’Artagnan. He also introduces d’Artagnan to Rochefort and forces the two men to promise to get along. D’Artagnan and Rochefort comply, although clearly a rivalry still exists between the two of them. In the years after, d’Artagnan serves as a lieutenant for the musketeers. Gradually, all of his friends retire to marry and explore their passions.

Intro

Chapter 1

Cite This Page

Get

LitCharts

Download this Chart (PDF)

“Would not have made it through AP Literature without the printable PDFs. They're like having in-class notes for every discussion!”

Download

Get the Teacher Edition

“This is absolutely THE best teacher resource I have ever purchased. My students love how organized the handouts are and enjoy tracking the themes as a class.”

Download

Need something? Request a new guide.

How can we improve? Share feedback.

LitCharts is hiring!

Company

About Us

Our Story

Jobs

Support

Help Center

Citation Generator

Connect

Facebook

Twitter

Legal

Privacy Request

Home

About

Contact

Help

Terms

Privacy

Privacy Request

Save time. Stress less.

PDF downloads of all 1884 LitCharts literature guides, and of every new one we publish.

Detailed quotes explanations with page numbers for every important quote on the site.

Teacher Editions with classroom activities for all 1884 titles we cover.

PDFs of modern translations of every Shakespeare play and poem.

Definitions and examples of 136 literary terms and devices. Instant PDF downloads.

Refine any search. Find related themes, quotes, symbols, characters, and more.

PDFs of modern translations of every Shakespeare play and poem.

Definitions and examples of 136 literary terms and devices. Instant PDF downloads.

Refine any search. Find related themes, quotes, symbols, characters, and more.

Requesting a new guide requires a free LitCharts account

You'll also get updates on new titles we publish and the ability to save highlights and notes.